LUMBERING IN PINE EEGION OF CALIFORNIA. 35 



and several tolleys will undoubtedly be used ultimately in bringing 

 smaller timber do^wTi from considerable elevations; for example, red 

 fir for pulpwood. 



CHUTE HAULING BY HORSES. 



With one exception, chute hauling by horses is used only by films 

 with small capital. The chutes frequently extend from the woods to 

 the sawmill and may be as much as 8,000 or 10,000 feet in length. 



A horse chute is constructed in much the same manner as a donkey 

 chute, but it is lighter and need not be as strong. The poles used are 

 cut either 50 or 60 feet in length, about 8 or 9 inches on the small 

 end, and as large as 16 inches on the butt end. They are laid in two 

 parallel rows about 5 mches apart, the ends being notched and joined. 

 The inner surfaces are then hewed off, in such a manner as to make the 

 width at the top 16 inches and at the bottom 8 inches. A rough road 

 must be provided alongside the chute for the team. All grades must 

 be toward the landing, the minimum advisable being about 5 per cent. 

 The more steeper grades there are, the less chute grease and the fewer 

 horses per team will be needed. The maximum grade employed is 

 about 35 per cent. Logs which have been greased above will run on 

 giades over 30 per cent. 



A typical chute-building crew consists of five men and a foreman, 

 with two axmen cutting poles and hewing. The daily cost, including 

 stumpage for the fir poles, is approximately $28. Under rather diffi- 

 cult conditions this crew builds 200 feet of chute per day, at a cost of 

 14 cents per foot. The cost will on the v/hole range from 10 to 15 

 cents per linear foot, or from S530 to $795 per mile. 



The customary team consists of eight horses. The number of 

 teams required depends upon the length of the chute and the amount 

 of low grade. The logs are yarded into the chute and made into 

 trains of from 6 to 12 logs each. The team is hitched to the last log 

 but one in the train and the last two logs are dogged together. 



The amount hauled daily in a representative chute about 1| miles 

 in length, with two long flats of 5 per cent grade, is about 40,000 feet. 

 Two 8-horse teams, each with a teamster, are required. The rest of 

 tho crew consists of a man at the lower end of the chute and two 

 chute gi-oa8(u-s, nno of wliom sliovels frogs. The daily cost is about 

 $40. This is a cost of $1 per 1,000, exclusive of maintenance and 

 grease. On another rcprosontativo chute about 1 mile in length two 

 8-horse t<uinis handUi about 60,000 feet. A (h-iver and gi-easer are 

 required with (uich team. The daily cost is about $39, or 65 cents 

 per 1,000. On another chuto something over a mile in length with 

 two brunches and a stf^f^p pitch in the middle!, three 8-hoi'se teams are 

 used. Orxi Unim is used on <uich hranch and tlu^ tliii-d works between 

 tho foot of tho stoop grade and tho landing. T]w tlaily cost is approxi- 

 mately 858. At 50,000 f<)et daily \hr, cost is $1.16 p<vr 1,000; at 

 60,000 diiily it is 96 conts por 1.000. 



