LUMBEEIKG IN PINE REGION OF CALIEOKNIA, 41 



average amount hauled daily is 110,000 and the cost for grease about 

 4 cents per 1,000. On the other hand, a chute 4,000 feet long, with 

 an average adverse grade of 21 per cent and one pitch of 60 per cent, 

 requires four-fifths of a barrel daily for an output of 50,000. The 

 cost is about 14 cents per 1,000. An allowance of 5 cents per 1,000 

 for chute grease is ample for most chute logging in this region. 



DONKEY ENGINE ROADING. 



Roading with donkeys on dirt roads is rare, and when used is 

 really a form of double yarding. It is sometimes employed to reach 

 a body of timber too far away for single yarding but not large enough 

 to warrant the construction of a spur or chute. A yarder is placed 

 in the timber and a roading engine stationed at the nearest landing 

 to haul the logs from the yarder to the track. The logs are hauled 

 in the same manner as they are yarded, either singly or two abreast. 

 One roader can serve but a single yarder and the cost is similar to 

 yarding except that the crew is smaller. 



A representative roader hauling 30,000 daily, a distance of from 

 i ,600 to 2,000 feet, requires a crew of an engineer, fireman, lineman, 

 blocktender, and whistlepunk. The daily labor cost is $15, or 50 

 cents per 1,000. Fuel and water cost about $5 per day, mainte- 

 nance of donkey and tools about 16 cents per 1,000, and cable main- 

 tenance about 12 cents per 1,000. The total cost under the conditions 

 given is approximately 94 cents per 1 ,000. 



FROM LANDING TO MILL. 



LOADING. 



Logs are sent to the mill on log cars, or on trucks, either horse or 

 traction hauled. In general, the operation of loading is the same for 

 trucks as for cars. The simplest method is by hand. It requires 

 small logs and a high landing. This method is infrequently used for 

 loading on raihoad cars at the lower end of a chute. In timber 

 averaging five logs per 1,000, six men with peavies may average 

 50,000 daily at an average cost of 33 cents per 1,000. The only 

 equipment needed is the peavies, which cost about $18 per dozen. 



The system of loading termed the "crosshaul" is widely used in 

 truck logging, and sometimes for loading cars. The logs are rolled 

 up skids and onto the truck by means of a chain or cable pulled by a 

 team on the opposite side of the truck. The free end of the cable is 

 fastened to the truck or to the load ]>y a liook and the log is rolled 

 up in the biglit. In truck logging tlie loadijig is usually done l)y the 

 truck teamster with a pair of leaders or ]>y tlie l)uncli teamster with 

 the bunching team. Tlius it is rather dillicult to separate the cost 

 from tliat of bundling or (;f truck liuuling. Ordinarily, for moderate 

 sized logs this C(/st should Ik; a])(;ut .'>0 or 35 (u;uts ])cr J, 000. This 

 system is uhvA in one inslancc, under favond)l(^ conditions with a 



