LUMBEEIl^G IlSr PIISTE EEGIOlSr OF CALIFORNIA. 61 



etc., 2 cents; labor for maintenance of way, 18 cents; supplies for 

 maintenance of way, 8 cents; repairs to locomotives, 17 cents; and 

 repairs to cars, 9 cents per 1,000. 



In general, under normal conditions the total cost of railroading, 

 including maintenance, is approximately as follows: From 50 to 60 

 cents per 1,000 for from 4 to 5 miles, from 70 to 80 cents per 1,000 

 for from 7 to 10 miles, from 80 cents to $1 per 1,000 for from 10 to 16 

 miles, from $1 to $1.20 per 1,000 for from 18 to 22 miles, and from 

 SI. 30 to $1.50 per 1,000 for from 25 to 35 miles. 



Very few rates for hauling pine logs in California have been estab- 

 lished on common-carrier railroads. Three such representative rates 

 are: 30 miles, $1.55 per 1,000; 45 miles, $2 per 1,000; and 50 miles, 

 $1.50 per 1,000. The first two are rather high and the last is very 

 reasonable. Equipment is fm^nished by the carriers in all three 

 instances. 



Maintenance. — ^The maintenance of a logging railroad is divided 

 into maintenance of rollmg stock and maintenance of way. The up- 

 keep of equipment begins with car inspection. While each train- 

 load of logs is being unloaded at the mill the cars are inspected. 

 Small repairs are made immediately, and cars in bad order are 

 switched to the car shop. For a double-band mill the usual inspec- 

 tion crew consists of two men who work between times in the car 

 shop. Where the number of cars is larger than common, or repairs 

 are extra heavy, a third man is required in the car shop. The upkeep 

 of trucks appears to be more than the cost of repairing flats. 



Repairs to locomotives and ironwork are made in the blacksmith 

 and machine shops maintained at the mill. For a double-band opera- 

 tion, the common crew in the blacksmith shop is two men, and the 

 machine shop crew is three or four men. In addition to repairs on 

 railway equipment, the machine shop handles both sawmiU and heavy 

 donkey repairs. The locomotives are usually brought into the shop 

 in winter and more or less thoroughly overhauled. The cost of main- 

 taining railway equipment depends upon the efficiency of the equip- 

 ment and the length and severity of the haul. Under ordinary con- 

 ditions it may be said to average from 15 to 25 cents per 1,000. 



The principal part of maintenance of way is the labor of section 

 crews. The customary crow consists of a foreman and four work- 

 men at a daily cost of $13.50. Usually such a crew can keep from 

 7 io 1 miles of track in satisfactory order. Two crews are required 

 to keep up a 14-mile line; with a daily output of 160,000 the cost is 

 17 cents per 1,000 and with an output of 220,000 it is 12 cents per 

 1 ,000. With the exception of a small expenditure for tools and rail 

 fust(;nings, tlie rest of tlie cost of track iriaintcnancci is for tie r(^pla(;e- 

 inent. Fir ties used on spurs last tliree (U' four years and can bo 



