64 BULLETIN 440, U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGKICULTUEE. 



the land side. The cable passes through a block on the end of this 

 boom and is operated by a small steam winch furnished with steam 

 from the sawmill boilers. As each car is unloaded the train is shifted 

 ahead by the locomotive or by gravity. 



Another system is to place the steam winch with its own boiler 

 upon a cribwork in the pond. The block may be attached to an 

 overhead cable parallel to the track or the cable may be used without 

 any supporting block. The third system is to have a special unload- 

 ing machine which shifts itself along a second track on the land side 

 of the unloading spur. No shifting of the train being unloaded is 

 necessary. This unloader consists of a boiler and winch mounted 

 upon a car. It may have a steel boom extending out over the loaded 

 cars, or a block may be slung to the log deck in front of each car 

 unloaded. 



In some instances the train crew does the unloading. The fireman 

 operates the winch, the conductor and brakeman unbind the loads 

 and handle the unloadmg hook, and the engineer shifts the train. In 

 such cases it is difficult to separate the cost of unloading from the 

 cost of railroading. Upon one operation where the unloading is done 

 m this manner, one pond man handles the unloading hook. A train 

 of 55,000 is switched in and unloaded in about 40 minutes, the actual 

 unloading requiring 30 minutes. With ample allowance for mainte- 

 nance of winch and cable the cost of tliis unloading is $0,025 per 

 1,000. Another way is to have the unloading crew engage in pond 

 work, such as sorting logs and raismg sinkers, when not required 

 for unloading. In such cases the cost of pond work and unload- 

 ing is usually kept together. Upon certain large operations where 

 self-moving unloading machines are used the practice is to have a sepa- 

 rate unloading crew. In one case this crew consists of 1 winchman, 

 2 unloaders, and 1 man shoveling bark off the deck. This crew 

 unloads 280,000 daily at a labor cost of $11, or about 4 cents per 

 1,000. The usual cost of unloading is from 2 to 4 cents per 1,000. 



WOODS SUPERVISION. 



The field supervision of loggmg is a very important item and may 

 make the success or failure of a lumbermg operation. SawmiUing 

 can be pretty weU standardized, but the logging of each tract must 

 be planned on the ground, and in this planning is the chance either 

 to cut or swell costs. Not only is the work planned for each par- 

 ticular area but the operations for the whole tract must be laid out 

 long in advance. This caUs for competent woods superintendents 

 and logging engineers who are qualified to plan the layout of the 

 railroad and logging, as well as to supervise the work. 



In addition to the logging supermtendent, woods supervision in- 

 cludes the camp foreman, timekeepers, night watchman, and chor^ 



