LUMBEEIISTG IN PINE EEGION OF CALIFOENIA. 65 



boys. One operation, with work divided into two camps and a 

 daily output of 240,000, has the following force: One superintendent 

 at $3,500 per annum, two camp bosses at .$200 per month, 2 time- 

 keepers at $70 per month, 2 watclunen at $40 per month. The 

 daily cost, including board, is $46.50, which is equivalent to 19 

 cents per 1,000. A representative operation of 150,000 daily, with 

 its work divided into two camps, has the following force: One super- 

 intendent at $3,000 per year, 1 camp boss at $150 per month, 1 camp 

 boss at $125 per month, 1 timekeeper at $70 per month, and 2 watch- 

 men at $40 per month. The daily cost, including board, is $34.60, 

 which is equivalent to 23 cents per 1,000. 



Another operation, with its work divided into three camps and a 

 daily output of 500,000, has the following force: One superintendent 

 at $4,000 per annum, 1 camp boss at $1,900 per annum, 2 camp bosses 

 at $1,445 per annum, 3 timekeepers at $70 per month, 3 scalers at 

 $75 per month, 4 watchmen at $40 per month, and 3 chore boys at 

 $40 per month. The daily cost, including board, is $114.70, which 

 is equivalent to 23 cents per 1,000. Calculated in the same manner, 

 the cost for one representative operation, turning out 225,000 daily, 

 is 23 cents and for another operation, turning out 160,000 daily, 

 is 21 cents per 1,000. These figures should be increased by from 

 3 to 4 cents per 1,000 for work done by the raihoad engineer not 

 chargeable to construction, and other like expenses. Thus, the 

 cost of woods supervision for large logging operations in California 

 pine timber ranges from 22 to 27 cents per 1,000. On small horse- 

 logging jobs the cost is generally the salary of a woods foreman or 

 part of the time of the operator. 



PART III. MANUFACTURE. 



MILL POND. 



Practically all sawmills in this region with a daily capacity of 

 over 20,000 have log ponds, A few circular mills of 35,000 capacity 

 or less do not have ponds, because of the impossibility of getting 

 sufficient water at a reasonable cost. Mill ponds are almost indis- 

 pensable for larger ^iperii-tions. They provide a cheap method of 

 storing logs ahead against possible interruptions of logging opera- 

 tions or for extension of llx; milling season in thc^i fall. In addition, 

 they furnish tlio most (economical means of delivering a continuous 

 supply of logs from the railroad to the rnill deck. I^ogs can be sorted 

 a.s desired and a continuons nin may be made of any species or 

 grade. Immersion of logs in ponds l(;nds to wash off dirt and gravel 

 accumulated during logging and to loach out pitch and sap. 



Ponds mjiy be sficjun^l at mill sites by utilizing natural lakes or 

 by damming snudl cneeks or ravines. Where ttio miU site is on a 

 57172'"- Hull. HO— 17 5 



