LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFOENIA. 69 



These cliarges are judged, however, to be from 25 to 40 cents per 

 1,000 in addition to the above labor cost. The cost of sawing is thus 

 from $2 to $2.15 per 1,000. 



At mills of this size the gradmg and sorting is not so intensive as 

 at large mills. The lumber is commonly partially sorted as it is 

 loaded upon yard cars by two men, one of whom does the grading. 

 The daily wages for this crew are about $6.50, or 27 cents per 1,000. 

 Thus the cost of sawing and loading on cars ready for yard delivery 

 is commonly from $2.25 to $2.50 per 1,000. Some mills efficiently 

 managed do it for $2 per 1,000; others require $2 per 1,000 for saw- 

 ing without maintenance. 



LARGE CIRCULAR MILLS. 



The large circular miUs are commonly single miUs owned by small 

 operators. They are well adapted to logging chances not large enough 

 for the investment involved in a band miU. For larger chances they 

 generally can not compete with band miUs on account of greater 

 sawing cost and greater waste in sawing. Practically all the double 

 mills started with chcular saws have been changed into band miUs. 



Large circular mills are usually built to cut from 30,000 to 45,000 

 feet of lumber in a 10-hour day. "When they are workmg well during 

 the middle of the summer season the average output is generally 

 about 40,000 or 41,000 per day. However, the output at both ends 

 of the season is not quite so large, and a fair seasonal average is about 

 38,000 daily. The increase in output over that of the small circular 

 mills is due to greater power and heavier and more efficient equip- 

 ment. 



A representative mill of this capacity is usually equipped with a 

 chute or a log cur operated by a cable and a single-geared log jacker 

 for hoisting logs into the mill. The log deck has a log stop and 

 loader, a steam nigger, and an overhead turner. The carriage may 

 have either two or three head blocks and be either steam or cable 

 feed. The set works are usually operated by hand. The saws are 

 circular and two in number, one l)eing placed directly over the other. 

 The diameter of tlu; lowc^r saw when new is usually 58 mches. Some 

 plants have inserted-tooth saws, but most operators prefer solid-tooth 

 saws because of th(! smaUc^r k(^rf . A filer must be adck^d to the crew 

 when solid-tooih saws an^ us(h1. 



Beginning at the saw frame, a series of dead rolls extends to the 

 reiir of the mill. B(!side these roUs is located a gang odgor, ordinarily 

 about 52 inches wide, with four saws. Thv, trimmer is located at one. 

 side still further toward the rear of the mUl. It may bo of the gang 

 ty\>c: with sc^ven saws or (A tlic^ adjustable ty])(^ with two or thrc^e 

 saws sliding on a sliaft. Some mills of this tyj)e w])ich liav(^ a market 

 for slab wood an; also equipped willi n Ihrec-saw slasher. 



