14 



BULLETIN 445, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 



as the better; others who relish a slight degree of acidity would 

 give the California product first place. 



Analyses made by H. C. Gore, Chemist in Charge of the Fruit 

 and Vegetable Utilization Laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry, United 

 States Department of Agriculture, show the principal differences in 

 chemical composition of 42 navel oranges from Bahia, Brazil, and 

 13 from Eiverside, Cal. Those from Brazil were picked on January 

 2, 1914, at which time they should have been fully ripe, since they 

 were fruits of the December crop. Those from Riverside, Cal., were 

 picked about the end of March, 1910, and were also fully ripe. The 

 comparison should therefore be a fair one. (Table II). 



Table II.- 



-Comparative analyses of navel oranges grown at Riverside, Cal., and 

 at Bahia, Brazil. 





Aver- 

 age 



Percentage 

 of— 



Analysis of juice. 



Source of fruit. 















Alka- 



As invert. 







weight. 



Peel. 



Rag 



in 



pulp. 



Specific 

 gravity. 



Acid 



(as 



citric). 



Solids. 



Ash. 



linity of 

 soluble 



ash 

 (K2CO3). 









Re- 

 duc- 

 ing. 



Sugar. 



Su- 

 crose. 



Bahia, Brazil: 



Grams. 























Average of 42 fruits. 



366 



20.4 



1.5 



1.0376 



0.46C 



9.4 



0.353 



0.24 



3.43 



7.48 



3.85 



California: 

























Hermosa ranch — 









- 

















Average of 5 fruits 

























from sandy soil. 



199 



29.1 



1.69 



1.0633 



1.09 



15.47 



.51 



.23 



6.44 



12.40 



5.66 



Average of 4 fruits 

























from adobe soil . 



193 



31.2 



2.04 



1.0638 



1.09 



15.57 



.49 



.22 



6.08 



12.72 



6.31 



Eureka ranch- 

























Average of 4 fruits . 



/235 

 \ 210.5 



34.0 



1.89 



1.0572 



1.08 



14.06 



.55 



.18 



5.60 



10.93 



5.07 



31.2 



1.97 



1.0585 



1.01 



14.36 



.49 



.18 



5.41 



11.29 



5.58 



It will be seen from Table II that the percentage of peel or rind is 

 considerably lower in Bahian fruits than in those grown in Cali- 

 fornia. The percentage of " rag," by which term is designated the 

 fibrous matter which remained after all soluble substances were 

 washed out of the pulp, is slightly lower in Bahia than in California. 



The most noteworthy features of the chemical analysis of the juice 

 are the low percentage of citric acid and the low percentage of sugar 

 in the Bahian product as compared with that of California. 



Table II brings out the difference between humid-climate fruits 

 grown in an equable temperature and those of an arid climate with 

 decided drops in temperature. The dry climate and continuous sun- 

 shine of California give the sugar, while the decided drop in winter 

 temperature tends to develop the organic acids and also color. 



Decided variation, thought to be bud variation, was observed in 

 every orchard, not only in the fruits but in the vegetative characters 

 of the tree as well. All of the various types originating through bud 

 variation which have been observed and defined in the California 



