THE EASTERN HEMLOCK. 3 



beech-birch-maple forest — the "northern hardwoods " — of which hem- 

 lock is often a conspicuous member. The tree's northern limit cor- 

 responds roughly with the forty-seventh parallel of latitude, from 

 Nova Scotia to east central Minnesota (Carlton, St. Louis, and 

 Aitkin Counties, and the St. Croix River), whence it extends south 

 to central Wisconsin, southern Indiana (Floyd County), central 

 Ohio, and northwestern Delaware. It is important in the mountain- 

 ous portions of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and 

 extends along the Appalachian Mountains, through . western Mary- 

 land, eastern West Virginia, southwestern Virginia, eastern Ken- 

 tucky and Tennessee, and western North and South Carolina, into 

 northern Georgia and Alabama. It grows neither so far north nor 

 so high in the mountains as the eastern spruces and firs, 1 and reaches 

 its greatest size in the coves of the mountains of western North 

 Carolina and eastern Tennessee. 



COMMERCIAL RANGE. 



About two-thirds of the total cut of eastern hemlock lumber 

 comes from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in the order 

 named, with West Virginia, New York, and Maine following. The 

 other States within its range aggregate about 11 per cent. The 

 shifting of the relative importance of different States in hemlock 

 production within recent years is shown in Table 1, based on data 

 collected by the Census Bureau and the Forest Service. 



Table 1. — Hemlock lumber cut in different States, in per cent of the total cut of hemlock, 

 and rank of States in order of production. 



[From United States Census reports for 1899, 1904, and 1906-1912.] 





1913 



1911 



1909 



1907 



1899 



State. 



Propor- 

 tion of 



total 



cut. 



Rank. 



Propor- 

 tion of 



total 



cut. 



Rank. 



Propor- 

 tion of 



total 



cut. 



Rank. 



Propor- 

 tion of 



total 



cut. 



Rank. 



Propor- 

 tion of 



total 



cut. 



Rank. 





Per 



cent. 



100 



28.7 



19.0 



14.2 



8.9 



5.3 



3.1 



1.8 



1.6 



1.3 



1.3 



1 



2 

 3 

 4 

 5 

 6 

 7 

 8 

 9 

 10 



Per 



cent. 

 100 

 26.6 

 21.8 

 18.2 

 10.3 

 5.0 

 3.3 

 1.4 



1 



2 

 3 

 4 

 5 

 6 

 9 



Per 



cent. 



100 



23.2 



20.1 



22.5 



9.2 



5.3 



3.6 



1.2 



1.3 



2.0 



2.2 



1.4 



.8 



.9 



.7 



4.2 

 1.4 



1 

 3 

 2 

 4 

 5 

 .6 

 11 

 10 

 8 

 7 

 9 

 13 

 12 

 14 



Per 



cent. 



100 



23.3 



20.4 



25.2 



8.0 



6.1 



3.6 



1.2 



.9 



2.2 



2.6 



1.1 



.8 



.8 



.7 



2.1 

 1.0 



2 

 3 

 1 

 4 

 5 

 6 

 9 

 11 

 8 

 7 

 10 

 13 

 12 

 14 



Per 



cent. 



100 



11.7 



24.6 



45.6 



2.5 



8.9 



2.5 



1.2 

 1.3 



.4 

 .1 



.6 



.02 



.58 







3 



Michigan 



2 



Pennsylvania 



West Virginia 



1 



5 

 4 



Maine 



6 





18 



North Carolina 



16 



Vermont 



1.5 

 1.5 

 1.2 

 1.0 



8 

 7 

 10 

 11 



8 



New Hampshire 



Virginia,. ...... 



7 

 15 



Massachusetts 







10 



Kentucky 







12 



Maryland 











9 



States producing west- 

 ern hemlock 



12.2 

 2.6 





7.0 

 1.2 











1 Hemlock is not found where the average temperature during the four growing months is less than 55° 

 F., and but seldom where the average is below 58°. (For. Quart., Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 64-66, "Northern 

 Limits of East Canadian Trees in Relation to the Climate," by H. R. Christie.) 



