THE EASTERN HEMLOCK. 



11 



less than 8 inches at the small end are sold by the " gross cord," or 

 cord containing 128 cubic feet of stacked (not solid) wood, with the 

 bark on. Unlike most cordwood, however, the pieces are not cut in 

 4-foot lengths, but usually in lengths of 8 feet, 12 feet, etc., according 

 to the demands of the mill to which they are sold. Pieces less than 4 

 inches at the small end are rarely accepted. About 65 per cent of 

 the wood is sold with the bark on, 33 per cent peeled, and about 2 

 per cent rossed. 



The use for pulp of waste material left after lumbering has recently 

 been introduced in parts of Pennsylvania (see PI. II, fig. 2). Hem- 

 lock tops and broken and defective logs are peeled, cut into 5-foot 

 lengths, piled in the woods, and sold by the cord. The success of 

 this practice disposes of the contention that the knots in hemlock 

 tops make their use for pulp impracticable. From 250,000 to 260,000 

 cords of slab wood and other sawmill waste are now consumed every 

 year for pulp. About 85 per cent of this is manufactured as sulphite 

 pulp, and practically all the rest as ground wood. In 1908 hemlock 

 formed 41 per cent of the sawmill waste used, and its average value 

 was $4.07 per cord — about two-thirds that of hemlock cordwood in 

 the round. In Wisconsin, sawmills often sell their hemlock slabs to 

 the paper mills for $3 per cord, dry, or $2 green. 



The cost and value per cord and per thousand board feet of pulp- 

 wood vary somewhat in different regions, and there are constant 

 fluctuations due to changing business conditions. The price also 

 depends upon whether the wood is sold peeled, rossed, or with the 

 bark on. In 1909, according to census reports, wood with the bark 

 on sold for $5.98 a cord, while peeled wood brought $6.58, and the 

 small amount of rossed wood $12.31 a cord. 



The average f . o. b. value per cord of hemlock in different regions 

 in comparison with other pulpwoods is shown in Table 4. 



Table 4. — Average f. o. b. value per cord of hemlock pulpwood compared with other 



species. 



[Compiled from census reports for 1907, 1908, and 1909.] 



Region. 



Year. 



Hemlock. 



Spruce 

 (domes- 

 tic). 



Balsam. 



Poplar 

 (domes- 

 tic). 



Total 



f 1907 

 \ 1908 

 I 1909 

 f 1907 

 1 1908 

 / 1907 

 \ 1908 

 f 1907 

 1 1908 

 / 1907 

 \ 1908 



So. 68 

 6.02 

 6.30 

 7.10 

 7.18 

 6.79 

 7.47 

 5.13 

 5.05 

 5.83 



!6.36 



$8.55 

 8.76 

 9.32 

 8.48 

 8.51 

 8.13 

 8.58 

 9.26 



10.94 

 9.88 



10.05 



$7.59 

 7.23 

 8.28 

 8.30 

 7.58 

 9.17 

 8.22 



87.85 

 8 01 



New England 



7.96 

 7.51 



New York 



7.54 

 8.25 





8.49 

 8.62 



Lake States 



9.53 

 5.84 

 6.39 



9.16 

 4.45 





4.93 



1 During the financial depression of 1908 the market value of hemlock logs in northern Wisconsin dropped 

 in some cases to S7 per thousand board feet (equivalent to $3.50 per cord) f. o. b. cars. No logger would 

 deliver hemlock pulpwood for less, and of this amount, $2.50 would probably go to the jobber to whom the 

 work was let out. 



