LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS F'lR EEGION, 141 



ground as well as overhead work. The basis of the resultant engine 

 is one of the standard compound-geared yarding engines. It has 11 

 by 13 inch cylinders, four drums, and an extended fire-box type of 

 boiler. The gear ratio was changed so that a considerable portion 

 of the power exerted by the main-line drum was sacrificed for in- 

 creased speed. The four drums are all located within the frame 

 and rotate in the same direction, taking the lead af the line on top. 

 The main and trip drums are located as in the case of an ordinary 

 compound-geared yarding engine, the main drum being used to 

 operate the standing line, the trip drum to return the carriage. 

 Immediately in front of these two drums there is a shaft carrying 

 the haul-in and straw-line drums. The gear on this shaft is driven 

 through an intermediate gear, which meshes directly with the trip- 

 drum gear. The haul-in drum has a capacity of 2,700 feet of 1^-inch 

 line and a speed of about 600 feet per minute. The trip drum has a 

 capacity of about 3,500 feet of f -inch line and a speed of about 1,500 

 feet per minute. This trip drum is equipped with a large steam- 

 operated brake for the purpose of snubbing the load down steep 

 slopes. The brake is so designed that a varying pressure is obtain- 

 able, making it possible for the engineer to control the log under all 

 conditions. The main drum is equipped with a ratchet and pawl 

 for holding the standing line, since it is seldom necessary to raise or 

 lower it. This drum is also provided with a large brake, so that, 

 with the pawl released, the standing line may be slackened gradually. 

 The net price of the engine f. o. b. Portland is approximately $6,500. 



The diameter and length of the standing line depend on the size 

 of the timber, the length of the span, and the amount of deflection 

 that can be secured. The standing lines used have ranged from 1| 

 to 1^ inches in diameter. One operator who has had considerable 

 experience with the system is of the opinion that a 1^-inch cable 

 is large enough for logs scaling 2,000 feet, and that l|-inch cable 

 should be used when the logs average from 2,000 to 4,000 feet in 

 volume; that is, where the span does not exceed 1,500 feet. The sys- 

 tem has given entire satisfaction when hauling as far as 1,600 feet. 



The haul-in or yarding line is generally 1^ inches in diameter, 

 the length depending on the distance between the head and tail tree, 

 the distance logged on each side of the standing line, and the dis- 

 tance the engine is from the head tree. It is economical to yard 

 logs lying from 150 to 200 feet on either side of the standing line. 

 To go farther results in too much strain on the equipment, also the 

 danger of uprooting the tail tree. The wear on the yarding line 

 when yarding downhill is almost negligible, except on that portion 

 on which the yarding block rides. The records of one company that 

 is using this system to haul downhill show that one 1^-inch haul-in 

 line was used to yard 9,0000,000 feet, the line retaining 50 per cent 



