LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 143 



ideal conditions the distance is a little greater than the maximum 

 yarding distance. 



In swinging, the yarding crew is the same as when the logs are 

 single hauled. The crew used with a' swing engine depends for the 

 most part on the character of the country and output. As a rule, it 

 is approximately as follows : 



1 engineer, 



1 fireman, 



1 wood buck. 



1 hooker on. 



1 cliaser. 



If the chance is bad, an additional chaser may be necessary. In 

 some cases no wood-buck wages, or only half the wages of a wood 

 buck, are charged against this crew. The wages paid this class of 

 labor are discussed under " Ground yarding." 



The equipment, supplies, etc, used with a swing engine are prac- 

 tically the same as those used with a ground yarding engine. Both 

 simple and compound geared engines are used. If the swinging dis- 

 tance is great, a simple-geared engine is used, since it has the larger 

 drum capacity. Under most conditions the simple-geared engine is 

 preferred. The maintenance, replacement, and depreciation of equip- 

 ment, also the cost of supplies, in connection with swing engine are 

 little less than with a ground yarding engine. (See " Ground yard- 

 ing.") 



OVERHEAD SWINGING. 



In mountainous country overhead Jogging systems are particularly 

 adapted for swinging, since on steep mountain sides logs may be 

 swung 2,000 feet or more at a very small cost for improvements. 

 Any one of the three systems of " overhead yarding " may b^ used 

 to swing logs this distance, provided, of course, the lay of the land 

 is such that the necessary deflection in the line can be secured. 



In one case the operator was confronted with the problem of swing- 

 ing timber 2,000 feet down a mountain side from a plateau to the 

 railroad below. A ground yarding engine was set at the top of 

 the hill, near the base of the tail tree, to assemble the logs to be 

 swung. Eighteen hundred feet down the mountain side the head 

 tree was located, the rise of the land for about one-half of this dis- 

 tance from the head tree being gentle, the rest being very abrupt, 

 providing ample deflection for the standing line. A wide-drum 

 ground engine was set at the railroad. The logs- were -swung from 

 the tail tree at the top of the glope to the head tree by the ISTorth Bend 

 overhead system, an especially constructed engine being used. They 

 were hauled the remainder of the distance to the track by the ground 

 engine, where they were loaded on cars with the gin pole and crotch 



