LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 



187 



yard, the material beiug measured " in place " — that is, in the natural bank 

 before it has been disturbed. It is customary to classify the material to 

 be moved, and to regulate the price accordingly. The classification and quan- 

 tity of material moved are determined by the supervising engineer. 

 The following standard classification is in extensive use : 

 (a) Earth, loam, sand, gravel, or clay. Material that can be handled with 

 a pick and shovel, or that can be plowed easily. 



(&) Hardpan. Very dense clays and gravels, cemented with iron oxide. 

 Soft shales that are easily worked may also be included. 



(c) Loose rock. Shales and other rock that can be quarried without blast- 

 ing, although blasting may be resorted to occasionally. 



(d) Solid rock. Material requiring blasting for removal. 



The contract price per cubic yard for the removal of earth or rock usually 

 includes excavating, hauling, and placing the material in a fill or waste pit. 

 It is not customary to pay for making a cut and also to pay for a fill made 

 from the same material ; in other words, payment for a cubic yard is made but 

 once. Grading contracts may have an overhaul clause which provides that for 

 all earth hauled more than a specified distance ("free haul") the contractor 

 shall be paid a stated sum per cubic yard for each 100 feet of overhaul. On 

 logging operations the length of free haul ranges from 100 to 500 feet. 



The price paid for moving material varies greatly in different regions and 

 is influenced by the length of haul, the kind of material moved, the character 

 of classification, the degree of accuracy used in actual classification, and the 

 season of the year ; the cost of winter work being about 25 per cent higher 

 than that of work done during the summer. 



The following prices wei-e paid on logging railroad operations and repre- 

 sent general contract prices on work of this character. The average work 

 on logging roads, except on the Pacific coast, usually presents no special prob- 

 lems, and can be performed with simple equipment which does not require a 

 heavy financial outlay. Loggers are able, therefore, to contract with local 

 men on favorable terms. 





Alabama. 



Louisi- 

 ana. 



Texas 

 and 



Arkan- 

 sas. 



Washington. 



Material. 



Contract 

 price. 



Free 

 haul. 



Bonus 



for 



overhaul 



per 100 



feet. 



Contract 

 price.i 



Contract 

 price. 1 



Contract 

 price.i 



Free 

 haul. 



Bonus 



for 



overhaul 



per 100 



feet. 



Earth 



Cents. 

 25 



Feet. 

 300 



Cents. 



0.5 



.5 



.5 



.5 



Cents. 

 14 



Cents. 

 20 



Cents. 

 16- 20 

 25 

 35- 45 

 75-125 



Feet. 

 100 

 100 

 100 

 100 



Cents. 

 5 



Harflpfffl. . 



.5 



Loose rock 



35 

 65 



300 

 300 







.5 



Solid rock. 







.5 













1 No limit to free haul, but it was not great in any case. 



Much of the grading for logging railroads is done by hand; that 

 is, by pick and shovel work. This is particularly true of sidehill work 

 where the bank may be picked away and shoveled to the lower side. 

 Light work on fairly level ground is done in the same way, the dirt 

 being borrowed from ditches or borrow pits. Frequently, moderate- 

 sized cuts and fills, under favorable soil conditions, are handled in 



