LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 227 



from 15 to 25 degrees. The upper ends are placed slightly below the 

 level of the car bunks. As a rule, every third or fourth timber is shod 

 with railroad iron. The total cost of a 60-foot dump of this type, 

 including labor, material, supplies, etc., and excluding the cost of the 

 track, is about $500. 



Quite often, as has been indicated, the dump is built on piling over 

 the water. The trestle, for the dump proper, may be long enough to 

 accommodate 20 cars or more. An additional length of trestle is 

 usually necessary to get the cars to deep water. To protect the 

 trestle from falling logs, a row of piling is driven flush with the 

 ends of the ties and far enough from the rail to permit the passage 

 of cars. This row of piling, forming an unbroken wall, is capped 

 with a brow skid, the top of which is a little below the top of the car 

 bunks. It is usually faced with a similar row of piling, the second 

 row being beveled off at the top. If a stationary unloading machine 

 is to be used, the dump proper is not more than 70 or 80 feet in length 

 and placed at the most advantageous point, taking into consideration 

 the depth of the water and the arrangement for sorting and rafting. 



The cost of dumps of this character varies greatly, for the most 

 part because of the differences in the type, size, and location. The 

 method of unloading also influences it. With these factors known, 

 it is possible to estimate the cost with substantial accuracy. The cost 

 data given under the head of " Eailroad transportation " will assist 

 in making an estimate. Further assistance can be secured from cost 

 data published for the use of engineers. The price of piling de- 

 livered to a given location, the contract price of driving, and the cost 

 of sawed timber can be learned. If the trestle is built over salt water, 

 the maintenance cost will be much higher than if it is built over fresh 

 water. 



PRICE OF PILING. 



The price of piling varies from 6 1/2 to 10 cents per linear foot. 

 Douglas fir is usually used, although hemlock is sometimes used in 

 small quantities. The selling prices of winter-cut Douglas fir piling, 

 with 10-inch tops, delivered to the tidewater of Puget Sound, was 

 approximately as follows in April, 1916 : 



Cost per linear foot. 



25 to 40 foot piles $0,080 



45 to 50 foot piles .085 



55 foot piles .090 



The specifications for piling may include the following: That 

 piles 20 to 30 feet in length shall have 9-inch tops ; that piling 30 feet 

 or over in length shall have 10-inch tops ; that the piling shall not be 

 less than 14 inches nor more than 22 inches in diameter at a point 

 6 inches from the butt end; that there shall not be more tha'ii 1| 



