38 BULLETIN 718, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE. 



Copacitu of water Iiohc at various pressures (size of nosslc, 1 inch). 



I'ressure of nozzle. 



40 

 pounds. 



60 

 pounds. 



pounds. 



100 

 pounds. 



Pressure at pump with 100 feet of 2Hnch ni^Ticr hose, pounds 



Gallons per nilnuto 



Horizontal distance thro\^^l, feet 



Vertical distance, feet 



48 

 155 

 109 



79 



73 

 189 

 142 

 108 



97 

 219 

 168 

 131 



121 



245 

 186 

 148 



LOGGING. 



SAW CREW AND EQUIPMENT. 



For a mill cutting 10,000 feet (from 9 to 11 logs per thousand), 

 two pony gangs are necessary. If the sawyers do not understand 

 felling and how to get straight logs and good lengths out of the tree 

 after it is felled, it may be necessary to have an experienced under- 

 cutter with the two gangs. One of the crew should be able to file and 

 fit a saw properly. Incidentally, the saw should be a good one, so 

 that the filer does not waste time trying to sharpen it, or the sawyers 

 lose 5 or 10 minutes in every cut. The same applies to axes. An axe 

 is intended to chop, not to bruise timber, and must be kept sharp if 

 it is to be used effectively. It should be ground on a grindstone, not 

 rubbed with a file. It would be interesting to know how many men 

 working round a small mill understand how to grind an ax properly. 

 The knowledge of making ax handles, oxbows, and yokes is a lost 

 art, yet when a man is working 20 or 30 miles away from a hardware 

 store and there are no ax handles in camp, this knowledge would 

 come in handy. 



A saw gang of two men. equipped with the proper tools and work- 

 ing in timber which will run from 8 to 10 logs per 1,000 feet, will 

 ordinarily cut between 5,000 and 6,000 feet per day, the logs varying 

 in length from 12 to 16 feet. The average wage for this class of 

 work in 1916 was approximately $3 per day, board not included. If 

 the average cut is 5,000 feet per day, the cost per 1,000 for sawing 

 would be $1.20. On the other hand, take two equally good sawyers 

 and equip them with a rusty worn-out saw, poor axes, and no wedges, 

 and the best they can cut will be around 3,000 feet per day. At the 

 same rate of wages this timber will cost the operator $2 per 1,000 for 

 bucking alone. The latter crew loses the price of a new crosscut saw 

 every seven working days, or the price of a new ax every day. Lack 

 of good cant hooks, swamp hooks, logging chains, etc., cuts further 

 into the profit margin. 



Each saw gang should be provided with a pair of good steel wedgt^ 

 (preferably forged crucible tool steel) and a maul to drive them. 

 The usual practice is for the sawyer to stop and whittle out a wooden 



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