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BULLETIN 718, U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTTJEE. 



Straight grain — A piece of lumber is said to be straight grained when thi 



principal wood cells are iiarallel to its length. 

 Swamp hook — A hook to be attached to a chain nsed for rolling logs. 

 Tail sawyer — Off-bearer. 



Tally — A record of the number of pieces and grades which are cut in the mill. 

 Tight cooperage — Containers for liquids consisting of two round heads and a 



body composed of several staves held together by hoops in such a manner as 



to hold liquids. 

 Timber — 4 inches by 4 inches, and larger dimensions. 

 To box a log — To throw a log from the log trough upon the mill deck by means 



of a log kicker. 

 To box the heart — To cut boards from all ^ides of the heart, leaving the latter 



as a piece of timber. 

 To jack lumber — Means to pass up boards to the piler on top of the pile by 



leverage on an upright pole or a short board projecting from the front of the 



pile. 

 To saw around a log — To cut three or more faces on a log in order to get the 



best quality of lumber in each cut. 

 To saw alive — To make all cuts on the log parallel, without canting the log. 

 Torn grain — A defect on surfaced lumber caused by the fibers of the wood 



being torn by the planer knives. 

 Uppers — Finish lumber. 

 Veneer — A thin piece of lumber cut on a veneer machine. There are three kinds 



of veneer, viz, sawed, sliced, and rotary cut. 

 Wane — Bark or decrease in wood on the edge of board, plank, or timber. 

 AVashboard lumber — Poorly sawed lumber with ridges on the face of the boards. 

 Woods scale — The scale of the logs made in the woods. 

 Wood fiber — Narrow shavings cut from a round block of wood by a special 



machine. 

 Yard lumber — Lumber which has been air dried. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



C. I. F. — Cost, insurance, and freight. 

 F. O. B. — Free on board. 

 F. A. S. — Free along side. 

 F. G.— Flat grain. 

 V. G. — Vertical grain. 



C. I. F. E. — Cost, insurance, freight, and exchange. 



D. & H. — -Dressed and headed. A flooring strip which has been surfaced, 

 tongued, and grooved on one side, and also has a tongue on one fend and a 

 groove on the other, so that the joints may not necessarily come over a 

 joint. 



D. & M. — Dressed-and-matched boards, which have been tongued, grooved, and 

 matched. 



E. G.— Edge grain. 



W. A. L.— Wider, all lengths. 



AW. & AL.— All widths and all lengths. 



5/4, 6/4, 8/4 — li inches, IJ inches, and 2 inches. 



K. D. — Kiln dried or knocked down. 



S. 4S. C. S. — Surfaced on 4 sides in the 1/lG-inch caulking seam on each edge. 



S. M. — Surface measure. 



SI S. IE — Surfaced on one side and one edge. 



T. B. & S.— Top, bottom, and sides. 



T. & G. — Tongued and grooved. 



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