58 BULLETIN 614, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



The packing cost per box on 100 farms studied was $0.05, or $21.68 

 per acre. 



NAILING AND WAITING. 



Many of the orchardists in both regions employ one man to nail 

 the packed boxes and wait on the packers or sorters. The cost of nail- 

 ing and waiting was $0.0132 per box for the North Yakima ranches 

 and $0.0105 for those of Zillah, or an average of $0.0119 per box for 

 both districts, 64 records being considered. 



Other orchardists employ a man to do nothing but nail and stamp 

 the boxes. It was found that a nailer when doing no other labor 

 would nail 275 boxes per day on the North Yakima ranches and 281 

 on the Zillah ranches, or 278 when both districts were considered, 

 while 210 boxes is the average day's work for nailing and waiting. 

 Eleven of the men employed waiters who did nothing but wait on 

 the packers and sorters, each handling about 284 boxes per day. • 



FOREMAN. 



In most instances, on account of the small size of the orchards in 

 these regions, it is not found necessary to employ a foreman. On the 

 ranches studied there were but 6 men in the North Yakima district 

 and 17 in the Zillah district who employed foremen in the packing 

 houses. In most other cases the owner himself acted as foreman, at 

 the same time doing some other labor in the packing house, usually 

 nailing. On the ranches studied, where a foreman was employed the 

 foreman cost per box was $0.0096, or practically $0.01 per box. 



OTHER PACKING-HOUSE LABOR. 



The other packing-house labor, which includes truckers, or men 

 employed about the packing house to handle the fruit in some way 

 other than those already mentioned, amounts to $0.0185 per .box for 

 the 23 men who employ other packing-house labor, or, if this is pro- 

 rated over all records, $0.0035 per box. 



ALL PACKING-HOUSE LABOR COSTS. 



The total of all packing-house labor for the 108 men who did their 

 own sorting and packing was $0.1039 per box, while in the case of the 

 12 men who hauled to an association warehouse and had the fruit 

 packed it was $0.1209 per box, or for the total 120 records, $45.55 per 

 acre, and $0.1054 per box, or 30.57 per cent of the total net mainta- 

 nance and handling cost. 



CULL APPLES. 



Cull or cider apples which have been gathered from the ground or 

 culled in the packing shed (see fig. 14) are often hauled to a cider mill 

 in the vicinity of North Yakima. In the Zillah district there was no 

 by-product plant at the time this study was made. A few of the 

 growers hauled their cull apples in boxes to the town of Zillah and 



