EFFECT OF GRAZING ON WESTERN YELLOW PINE. 3 
(7) Areas where sheep congregate, 7. ¢., along driveways and on 
bed grounds. 
The plots were selected where representative rather than abnormal 
injury was in evidence. In order to secure maximum results from a 
limited amount of work, the plots were located where the stand of 
seedlings was fair to good. They were laid out in quadrangles, vary- 
ing in size from 10 feet by 30 feet to 30 feet by 90 feet, depending 
upon the size and density of reproduction. 
All seedlings and saplings of a size subject to grazing were 
counted. An ‘attempt was made at first to classify the damage ac- 
cording to such divisions as “ leader destroyed,” “ needles removed,” 
etc., but it was found that this did not give an accurate idea of the 
amount of damage actually done without a great deal of qualification. 
For this reason, it was decided to base the classification upon the 
permanent effect upon the development of the tree which, in the opin- 
ion of the observer, the damage would cause. Plants on which the 
leader, side shoots, and needles had been so severely grazed that the 
growth of the plant would be seriously interfered with for at least 
a number of years, were classed as “injured.” Where the damage 
was not so severe, but if continued would seriously interfere with the 
development of the tree, the plants were classed as “severely 
browsed.” Where the damage was severe enough to interfere to a 
very considerable extent with the development of the tree for a period 
of from one to three years, but not so severe as to affect its ultimate 
development even though the usual amount of damage were to con- 
tinue, the tree was classed as “moderately browsed.” Where the 
damage was so slight that its effect would not be noticeable after the 
current year, the plant was classed as “ lightly browsed.” 
The trees were classified according to height by ocular estimate as 
follows: 
ES CMONVAECHBUIN CLIC Beer es teat on Net Pg PST EY Ee mkt irae Seedlings. 
6 inches to 1.5 feet_____- a De OREN tS 1-foot class. 
Th) TESTE, HCPA CSS ee ee eee 2-100t Class: 
PAGRreeLnbOrs-0 1eetas= is a a eS Sa? eee ee 3-foot class. 
3.6 feet -to 4.5 feet__--_-______ Pai os i Ses eee 4 OOt: Class: 
SelB, TRIE (BO gD SS a a ee ee er pee eg ie ee 5-foot class. 
5.6 feet to as high as were subject to grazing_____________ Above 5-foot class. 
Four examinations were made in 1912 and in 1913 at intervals 
during the grazing season to show the amount of seasonal damage. 
The first examination was made during May, to record the amount 
of damage at the beginning of the grazing period; the second ex- 
amination was made early in July, to indicate the amount of damage 
that occurred during the spring dry period; the third early in Sep- 
tember, to determine the amount of damage done during the best 
growing period; and the fourth early in November, at the close of 
the grazing season, to record the damage done during the fall drying 
