16 BULLETIN 582, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
class contained 18.06 acres of land, with 14.25 acres in crops. The 
capital invested was $5,362. The operator received $301 for outside 
labor, or 70 per cent of his labor income ($430). The men in this 
group had farms too small to keep themselves and their families 
busy. Accordingly, they sought outside employment in their spare 
time. Frequently an operator would send a son with the team to 
work on railroad construction. When this was done, the operator’s 
team was credited with only half the wages received in most cases, 
as a well-grown son could command the other half. In each case as 
fair a division as possible was made of these receipts, and care was 
taken not to give undue credit for such items to the operator. One 
man worked at boiler making in the winter, another as a mill hand. 
One runs a thrashing machine, one is a school supervisor, and an- 
other is a landscape painter. Two men earned considerable money 
with their orchard sprayers. The remainder, and some of the above, 
did considerable hauling with their teams. 
Group 2 in Table 12 presents the results for all the small owners. 
(See group 1, Table 1.) These men averaged $141 in receipts from 
outside labor, or more than one-third of their labor income. Group 
3 shows similar results for the eight small farms operated by own- 
ers with additional land rented. (See group 1, Table 2.) 
In the fourth division, Table 12, outside labor, while still im- 
portant, figures much less prominently in the farm receipts, as less 
than a sixth of the labor income is derived from that source. These 
men did not make much more than the normal amount from such 
work. The average labor income for all the farms in groups 2, 8, 
and 4, 62 in number, amounts to $475. ‘Twenty-five per cent of this 
labor income, or $120, comes from outside labor. The larger owners 
with additional land rented (see group 2, Table 2), the live-stock 
farmers (see group 3, Table 1), and the tenant farmers (see Table 
4), had little or no time to engage in outside work. The labor on the 
farm kept these men busy, and their receipts from outside labor are 
practically negligible. 
Table 12 simply shows how inadequate the small farm usually is 
to furnish sufficient labor for the operator and his family. The 
size of business on these small Utah farms is comparable with farms 
very much larger in area in nonirrigated sections, and the intensive 
type of farming followed on irrigated land calls for a labor supply 
commensurate with the size of business, but the operator and his fam- 
ily are often confronted with slack periods of considerable duration 
during the crop-growing season. The farms often are not large 
enough to permit a widespread adoption of enterprises which would 
call for labor in the idle periods. The small farmers in the Provo 
area took advantage of .these periods of farm inactivity to earn 
large additions to their farm receipts in 1914. An interurban trolley - 
