Pn a. a ae 
FARM MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVO AREA. 21 
The typical dairy farmer virtually adds 45 acres of pasture to the © 
large general farm, curtails the grain area by a fifth, triples the hay 
area, slightly curtails the beet area, puts on nearly four times as 
many animal units, and runs the farm with 10 months’ additional 
man labor. The only period when there is much spare time from field 
work and labor on live stock is during July and August. That 
period is generally used in laying tile drain. The weakest point in 
the system is the frequent presence in the dairy herd of cows which 
do not pay their way. Many farmers are remedying this as rapidly 
as possible. 
DAIRY FARMS COMPARED WITH SMALL FRUIT AND GENERAL UNITS. 
The dairymen grow twice as many acres of crops per man as do . 
_ the small orchardists and their labor income per month of labor 
used is 165 per cent larger ($46.41, compared with $17.52). In 
‘comparison with the small general farmers they grow twice as many 
acres of crops per man and their labor income per month of labor 
used is 77 per cent larger ($46.41, compared with $26.48). The 
yield per acre of grain and hay secured by the dairymen is nearly 
a tenth larger than the average of the first two groups in Table 13, 
while the yield per acre of beets is a fifth larger than that secured 
by the small operators. In other words, these representatives of 
the “ little farm well tilled” are not tilled as well as the dairy farms. 
It should be noted in this connection, however, that the poultry men 
in group six secure a slightly larger yield per acre of grain and 
beets, and a fourth larger yield of hay than is harvested by the 
dairymen. This, of course, is chiefly due to the large amount of 
highly concentrated manure which is available to the poultry man. 
EFFECTS OF SIZE OF FARM AND TYPE OF FARMING. 
The large orchardist secures a net return per month of labor which 
is $6.50 greater than is received by the small fruit grower, while the 
large general farmer secures a net return which is only $5.50 larger 
than that of the small operator on the same type of farm. The rea- 
son for the slightly smaller margin of advantage for the large gen- 
eral farmer is probably that both large and small operators of this 
type grow crops which suit the local marketing conditions, and the 
man on the small unit specializes to a greater extent on the most 
profitable crop, while the larger orchardists supplement their bulky, 
perishable special crops with considerable areas of general crops 
which have a ready market at home, a practice which the small 
orchardist can not follow. With larger farms, which utilize the 
family labor more fully, particularly in caring for standard field 
- cash crops, the large orchardist would logically be expected to do 
relatively better than the small, as compared with the large and small 
general farmers, because the limited area of general crops grown by 
