INCREASED CATTLE PRODUCTION. 11 | 
grazing out several miles, cows came to water in a weakened condi- 
tion and drank until they dropped and later died. Where the 
animals do not die, the inadequate water supply is reflected in the 
_ retarded growth of young stock and in the decrease in the calf crop. 
The poor cows frequently lose or desert their young calves, which 
then either die or become so stunted in growth that they have little 
chance of living through the winter. 
The question of water supply is a matter of range economics 
influenced by local conditions, value of range, stock, and cost of 
development. With present prices it seems safe as a business propo- 
sition to advise, for the plams range of the Southwest, permanent 
watering places on the basis of range for 500 head. This means a 
distance between watering places of 5 to 6 miles. On the poorer 
range of the foothills the distance will be greater. 
_ This distribution of permanent watermg places wil provide for 
fairly even utilization, but will leave little opportunity for resting 
‘the range during the growing season, especially around water, since 
the animals will tend to graze the green feed near water first. Conse- 
quently, the range will be overgrazed for perhaps one-fourth mile 
from permanent water at best. Where soil and drainage are favor- 
able, it will be economy to supplement the permanent watering 
places with a number of tanks, each of a size suitable to the situation 
and the range to be supplied. 
in the Southwest the rains are often very local. A small portion 
of the range may get a good shower, whereas the range a few miles 
distant may not receive rain during the summer. The cattle natur- 
ally drift to where rain has fallen. When there is 2 tank to catch 
the run-off, the stock will remain in the vicinity sometimes for weeks, 
if the water holds out. Meantime, a shower elsewhere may freshen 
the range and-provide temporary water. 
‘With a system of well-distributed small tanks to supplement the 
permanent watering places, the range around the permanent water 
can frequently be rested durmg the growing season. At the same 
time range away from the permanent water will be used to best 
advantage; the stock will do better than when they must drift in, 
even from 24 to 3 miles, to compete with several hundred others at 
a set of watering troughs; the cost of operating the pumps or engines 
will be reduced; and, perhaps most important of all, the feed near 
permanent watering places will be, to some extent, saved for use 
during dry periods when the temporary watering places fail. 
This system of watering places is being developed rapidly on the 
Jornada Range Reserve. There are now nine permanent wells, 
varying in depth from 175 to 500 feet; 11 springs, five of which are 
of considerable value; one pipe line approximately 8 miles long, with 
watering places every 2 miles; and 15 tanks which hold water from 
