INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE STOCK. 9 
widths of the yard gates also. The accompanying illustrations (figs. 
3, 4,5, and 6) show some of the features of a properly equipped yard 
cr pen. 
ABUSES UNDER THE LAW. 
In their attempts to comply with the older statute, carriers con- 
sidered apparently that it was only necessary to unload the animals 
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Fic. 3.—Plan of single yard for unloading stock. 
every 28 hours into some sort of inclosure or pen which in many 
cases was not even provided with watering troughs. Under these 
conditions the animals were not protected from the cold winter 
winds or the hot sun during the summer, and were compelled to stand 
in mud or water or in snow and slush sometimes knee deep. 
Although shippers frequently complained, temporary relief only 
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Fig. 4.—Side view of yard shown in figure 3. 
was afforded by resurfacing the yards with cinders or gravel. Little 
attention was paid to the quality or quantity of feed given the 
animals, or whether they were fed at all, the railroads asserting that 
it was the duty of the shipper to feed and care for the stock in 
transit. ‘They overlooked the fact that if the shipper did not feed 
the animals it was their duty to do so. This Jed to the practice of 
5775°—18—Bull. 589 ——2 
