TESTS OF OFFICIAL COTTON STANDARDS FOR GRADE. 21 
under the same conditions the strength of the yarn made from the 
western upland cotton was affected more readily and a better bleach 
was obtained. 
BLEACHING TESTS OF PIECE GOODS. 
MILL TESTS. 
Warp and filling yarns made from each of the five grades of upland 
cotton produced east and west of the Mississippi River, were woven 
into cloths composed of different combinations of warp and filling. 
These were marked carefully for identification, and bleached in a 
commercial bleachery. Exact duplicates were retained ‘“‘in the 
gray’ for comparative purposes. The goods were given a plain 
“sheeting finish,”’ that is, they were scoured twice in a closed kier, 
bleached, starched, dried, and calendered. 
Scouring.—In the first boiling process the cloth was placed in a 
horizontal wagon kier, near the center of a 6,500-pound lot of similar 
cloth. The steam turned on, and a good circulation of the liquor 
was established by a steam injector for 45 minutes. A 2-degree 
- Twaddell solution of sodium hydroxide containing 8.9 grams per 
liter was used. The circulation was continued at 6 to 7 pounds 
pressure for 10 hours. The goods were cooled in the kier before the 
latter was opened by flushing with water. 
Washing and scouring.—The goods were washed?‘ through cold 
water, acidulated ? in a scouring machine, with a 1-degree Twaddell 
solution of sulphuric acid, containing 11.42 grams per liter, piled on 
a wooden rack 30 minutes, to allow the acid to act, again washed, 
and run into a vertical kier. 
Second boiling process.—The goods were placed about one-third of 
the way down from the top of a vertical ker, containing 10,000 
pounds of cloth which was being treated for commercial purposes. 
The liquor used in this kier was a 1-degree Twaddell solution of caustic 
soda containing 5 grams per liter. Good circulation and proper tem- 
perature were established within 14 hours, and then the material 
was boiled for 9. hours at 6 to 7 pounds pressure, after which the 
kier was flushed twice with cold water and the goods run into a log 
washing machine. 
Washing and bleaching.—The goods were washed twice with a 
plentiful supply of clean water, and the cloth was piled for examina- 
tion. The material was then run through a {-degree Twaddell 
1 All the washing in the piece goods tests was done in a standard type “log’’ washer having atop press 
roll of wood about 18 inches in diameter and pit allowing a depth of 2 feet of water. The speed of these 
machines was from 80 to 90 yards per minute. 
2 The acidulating was done in a regular scouring machine consisting of a pit containing acid and a heavy 
set of squeeze rolls, with compound lever set at approximately 500 pounds pressure. This machine was 
provided with an automatic folding device by means of which about 800 yards were kept continuously 
immersed in the acid. 
