44 BULLETIN 597, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
producing great annoyance by its buzzing. During thrashing 
moisture collects within the basket and, when the dust settles upon 
this, creates a condition which greatly handicaps the animal’s breath- 
ing. These baskets retail for 35 cents each when fitted with two 
snaps. 
While protection of any description about the lips will prevent 
many ovipositions and annoyance by flies, by far the most effective de- 
vice consists of a simple strip of leather extending over the lips and 
fastened at the bit rings. This actually covers the portions of 
the lips upon which the flies lay their eggs and upon horses thus pro- 
tected an absence of eggs and annoyance has been noted. During the 
movement of the horse’s head in walking, especially when working, 
this protection not only covers the lips, but swings to and fro and 
tends to repel the flies. The nostrils being exposed, it does not hinder 
breathing. Due to the cost of leather, very few of these are in use, 
but if one obtains an old belt from a thrashing machine great num- 
bers can be made. It requires only a strip which will extend from 
one bit ring to the other and be from 4 to 6 inches in width. The size 
of the strip will depend upon the size of the horse’s head. A snap 
placed at each end near the center facilitates handling, and the pro- 
tector can be snapped onto the harness when not in use. 
PROTECTORS FOR PASTURED ANIMALS. 
Studies of efficiency of halter appliances for pastured horses have 
been made, and while conclusive results have not been obtained, a 
type has been designed which promises to meet the demand. At 
first halters were used with a piece of leather covering the jaws and 
hanging so as to flap against the lips when the animal walked. The 
front of the halter was provided with a face net which swung over 
the nostrils and lips. This proved unsatisfactory, as the flap, if 
long enough to protect the animals during depositions, was too long 
during grazing. The horses would step upon them with the fore 
feet, causing them to break. 
A variation from the most efficient work-horse protector was 
devised by using a piece of duck on the rear, so as to cover the jaws 
and prevent G. nasalis from depositing in this location (see fig. 4). 
A block of wood under the center and below the lips enables a horse 
to graze with ease and at the same time be protected from flies when 
the head is held above the ground. The cloth on the rear also pre- 
vents ingress of G. intestinalis larve by preventing the horse from 
scratching portions infested with eggs. When the head is placed 
upon other animals the device occasions such discomfort that almost 
immediately the horses move and prevent the protected animal from 
becoming infested from their bodies. 
For pasture uses the leather becomes soft and at times exposes the 
corners of the mouth, but excellent results have been obtained by sub- 
