CITY MILK PLANTS: CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT. 



27 



of the pipes and from leaks at joints. If piping must be used, it 

 should be of simple and sanitary construction, with frequent unions 

 to permit thorough cleaning and sterilizing after each use. It is im- 

 portant to have all turns in the pipes easily accessible and easily 

 cleaned. Elbows and tees are to be avoided as much as possible, but 

 when they are used, openings at the end will facilitate cleaning. A 

 right-angle bend may be used if there is space, for in this fitting 

 there are no recesses in which dirt can collect. When such joints 

 are used the piping may be more easily kept clean. 



The pumps as well as the pipes should be cleaned and sterilized 

 each time after using. It is less objectionable to use milk pumps 

 before pasteurizing than after, for milk pumped after pasteurization 

 may be recontaminated if the pump is not clean, and the added 

 agitation may injure the cream line. Pumps should be of sanitary 

 construction and of sufficient capacity to do the work without being 

 overtaxed. 



EFFECT OF ARRANGEMENT OF PLANT ON LABOR REQUIREMENTS. 



The number of employees required to carry on the various opera- 

 tions in the plant depends to a large degree on the layout and size of 

 rooms, arrangement of machinery, and size and type of building. 

 Table 6 shows the number of men employed at 157 plants of various 

 sizes. They include only those in the plant and in the boiler and en- 

 gine rooms. In plants where ice cream is handled the time of the men 

 in the power plant was prorated according to the quantities handled, 

 and where there was a separate butter department the men who 

 put all their time in that department were not included. The fig- 

 ures given do not necessarily indicate the total number of men em- 

 ployed at one plant, but one man indicates a full day for one man, 

 as, for example, when the average number of employees is given as 

 one, it may indicate that one man spends one-half of his time and 

 two others one-fourth of their time each in the plant. 



Table 6. — Number of men employed in city milk plants of various sizes {men 



inside the plant only). 



Capacity of plant. 



Number 

 of 



plants. 



Quantity of milk 

 handled daily. 



Total. Average. 



Employees in plant. 



Total. Average. Variation 



Employ- 

 ees in 



plant per 



100 

 gallons 



handled. 



Average. 



Gallons. 



Up to 100. 



101 to 250 



251 to 500 



501 to 1,000 



1,001 to 1,500 



1,501 to 2,000 



2,001 to3,000 



3,001 to 5,000 



5,001 to 10,000 



Over 10,000 



Total or average 



Gallons. 

 230 

 3,285 

 12,435 

 26,885 

 20,750 

 19,600 

 34,450 

 64,650 

 66, 700 

 69, 000 



317,975 



Gallons. 



63 



173 



401 



790 



1,297 



1,782 



2,650 



4,041 



7,411 



17,250 



4.3 

 32.5 

 86.5 

 193.0 

 114.5 

 126.0 

 190.0 

 328.0 

 294.0 

 343. 



1.1 

 1.7 



2.8 



5. 7 

 7.2 

 11.5 

 14.6 

 20.5 

 32.7 

 85.8 



2,025 



10.9 



1 to 1.3.. 

 lto3.... 

 1.5 to 6.. 



2 to 13... 

 2.5 to 17. 

 6 to 21... 



8 to 27... 

 7to36... 



9 to 49... 

 49 to 100 



1 to 100., 



1.7 

 1.0 



.7 

 .7 

 .6 

 .6 

 .6 

 . 5 

 .4 

 .5 



