CONCRETE LINING FOE IRRIGATION CANALS. 65 



between the forms was smoothed and thoroughly hand compacted. 

 A- uniform layer of concrete 4 inches thick was then applied. 



After heavy stripping, a good natural mixture of sand and gravel was 

 secured adjacent to the canal. This was hauled by slip scrapers up a 

 runway and dumped into the mixers, which were placed high enough 

 to permit discharging the concrete directly into one-horse carts. 

 The concrete was a 1:3:6 mixture of Portland cement, sand, and 

 gravel. It was laid in sections measuring 8 by 16 feet on the slopes 

 and 8 by 16 or 16 by 16 feet on the bottom. The lining was laid in 

 alternate sections to make room for the workmen, and the upper sec- 

 tions were usually the first completed. As soon as the concrete of 

 the first sections had set, the forms were removed and the intermediate 

 sections filled in. Expansion joints of one thickness of tar paper 

 were used between sections in part of the work. 



After being dumped from the carts, the concrete was worked down 

 and later smoothed by drawing long floats made of 2 by 6 inch tim- 

 bers back and forth across the forms. In order to get a smooth 

 face, the surface was painted with a 1 to 2 finishing coat of cement 

 mortar as soon as the concrete was placed and set. The lining was 

 kept wet by sprinkling for a period of seven days after being laid. 

 It was protected from nightly freezes during the early part of the 

 work by covering with a layer of straw, and during some freezing 

 weather in the latter part of the work some concrete was laid under 

 large tents heated by stoves. 



Some of the cost items are as follows: 



Cost of lining New York Canal. 



Preparing canal section for lining, per linear foot, approximately 82. 80 



Hauling gravel to mixers, per cubic yard ' 1. 14 



Mixing and placing concrete, per cubic yard 2. 20 



Total cost of concrete, including cement, per cubic yard 7. 70 



Total cost of concrete in place, per lineal foot 9. 64 



Cement per barrel, f . o. b. Boise S2. 27-2. 50 



Common labor, per day 2. 50 



Man and team, per day 5. 00 



FRUITLAND IRRIGATION & POWER CO. (LTD.), KAMLOOPS, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 



This company has lined some 6 miles of its main canal. The 

 writer examined the lined portion of this canal in the summer of 

 1912 and found it in good condition. The upper bank is quite gen- 

 erally in excavation and the lower bank is partly in excavation 

 and partly in fill. There appear to be more curves than the nature 

 of the ground warrants, but A. E. Meighans, the company engineer, 

 stated that the lined canal follows an old location for a ditch built 

 before this company acquired the property. (PI. V, fig. 1.) 



Some slight injury to the lining has resulted from earth settle- 

 ment. Lining the sides of the curves required the use of short 

 48307°— Bull. 126—14 5 



