NORWAY PINE IN THE LAKE STATES. 11 



PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT. 



Since Norway pine is not durable in contact with the ground and 

 when exposed to moisture, timber so placed must be treated with 

 some preservative. The details of various methods of preservation 

 are discussed in Forest Service Bulletins 78, 84, and 118; Circulars 

 80, 98, 101, 104, 111, 112, 117, 128, 132, 134, 136, 139, and 151; and 

 Department Bulletin 13. 



FOREST TYPES. 



Only on moderately poor soils, usually a sand, does Norway pine 

 grow pure. On the richer soils and on well-watered sandy flats it is 

 found in mixture with hardwoods and white pine, and on the driest 

 sands with jack pine. In Ontario the densest stands of Norway pine 

 are found on pure-sand plains. Four chief types may be distin- 

 guished: (1) Norway pine knoll; (2) Norway pine flat; * (3) hard- 

 wood ridges; and (4) jack-pine plains. 



NORWAY PINE KNOLL. 



The pure sand of the knolls favors Norway pine, which is the chief, 

 or perhaps the only, tree on such situations. The soil cover is a scat- 

 tering of wintergreen, blueberry, and "ground pine," with a thin mat 

 of needles. 



NORWAY PINE FLAT. 



On the sandy flats Norway pine may occasionally grow pure, but 

 where clay is present in the soil white pine forms from 40 to 60 per 

 cent of the stand, with a much denser ground cover. Clumps of birch 

 may occupy the openings. On low, poorly drained ground there is 

 usually a scattering of white spruce and occasionally a tamarack. 

 The moist soil insures dense undergrowth. 



HARDWOOD RH)GES. 



On the glacial ridges, where a drift of clay covers the subsoil, the 

 forest is chiefly broad leaved. Aspen, sugar maple, hornbeam, paper 

 birch, yellow birch, basswood, black ash, white ash, mountain maple, 

 with a scattering of white spruce, white pine, and Norway pine, form 

 the stand. Often there is a pure growth of aspen, with a few paper 

 birch, white spruce, and maple. Again, paper birch is pure with a 

 few aspens, hornbeams, or spruces. In certain localities there is 

 ample evidence that much of this hardwood land bore white pine of 

 enormous size. Fire and windfall probably caused the change in the 

 type. Often a few overmature white and Norway pines rise out of 

 the dense understory of hardwoods. Some of the largest Norway 

 pines are found scattered through hardwood forests. They have 

 broad, bushy crowns, with a comparatively short, very full, well- 

 pruned bole. 



1 On the richer soils this type would be locally termed white pine flat. 



