SOILS OF MASSACHUSETTS AND CONNECTICUT. 35 



prosperous towns of this class, and because of the intense develop- 

 ment of this sort an orchard map was prepared to show conditions 

 there. Definite blocks indicate for the most part trees grafted before 

 they were planted or soon after, the trees being in regular rows. 

 Orchards shown by dots have no regularity of arrangement. Of 

 these trees the great majority have come up as seedlings where 

 they now stand, and have been grafted as the owner could get to it 

 or possibly hire some one to do it. A row of trees along a wall or 

 fence surrounding tilled fields is a common feature, but probably 

 more are located in pastures. Almost all grafting has been to Bald- 

 win, no tree being considered too old for this purpose if in vigorous 

 condition, though most of it is done before the trees are 20 years old. 

 Five to ten years is considered a favorable time where the land is 

 not to be grazed, as the scions can then be set high enough for teams 

 to work underneath; but in pastures an older age is preferred so 

 that cattle may graze without injuring the trees. Of so much im- 

 portance are these irregular orchards that seedlings or nursery stock 

 are not infrequently set in to fill any large gaps, thus by a little effort 

 making a solid block of tre'es. This method of orcharding seems 

 very strange to those unfamiliar with it; but the profits derived have 

 been largely instrumental in the town's prosperity, and many Bald- 

 wins of exceptionally good quality are grown. 



Countless thousands of seedling apple trees abound in Coleraine 

 that are not yet grafted. Many farmers graft a few every spring as 

 other work permits, or as outside grafters can be hired, but even so 

 the number of trees is so great that many will never be grafted, not- 

 withstanding the profit to be derived. It is doubtful if seedlings 

 grow more profusely anywhere. 



This system of orcharding, though unusual, is of much importance 

 locally, and the profits derived are certain to lead to its steady de- 

 velopment. From the ungrafted trees large quantities of cider are 

 produced for vinegar, which constitutes no inconsiderable source of 

 additional income. 



RELATIVE PRODUCTION OF APPLES IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND. 



While it is often unsafe to draw definite conclusions as to the 

 relative importance of fruit growing in different States, because 

 of variations in weather conditions in any given year, age, and con- 

 dition of trees, etc., such comparisons may nevertheless serve as a 

 general index, and for this reason the figures below are taken from the 

 United States census of 1910. It should be borne in mind that New 

 York is by far the foremost State in the production of apples, hav- 

 ing a greater yield than any other entire geographic group of States 

 other than the one of which it forms a part; and in 1909 Michigan 



