72 BULLETIN" 140, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



managed have been abandoned on account of family circumstances. 

 The first class of lands should be managed by the owners of the sec- 

 ond class — that is, as adjuncts to farms now existing as economic 

 units — or they could be so combined in some cases as to form new 

 economic units of land holdings. There are good opportunities in 

 both States for such land development, but they must be developed 

 on the basis of economic adaptedness of the different soil conditions 

 to crops and other farm products. 



There is little land tenantry in either State. Most farms are occu- 

 pied by their owners, but those owned bj city residents are often 

 occupied by managers and superintendents. 



Labor conditions do not differ from those in other northeastern 

 States. The cost of labor has steadily increased, thus necessitating 

 more efficient farm management — a goal not infrequently attained. 



The principal products sold are horticultural crops from field and 

 greenhouse, milk and cream, poultry and eggs, veal and pork, tobacco 

 and onions. 



In districts intensively farmed the adaptedness of soils to crops is 

 pretty well understood and the cropping system is generally well 

 arranged. In the districts where extensive methods of farming pre- 

 vail, adaptedness of the soil to crops is less generally recognized. 



Trunk-line and branch railways, with many trolley lines, furnish 

 good transportation facilities for most of the region, though some 

 districts are still far from such advantages. 



The area of Massachusetts is 8,039 square miles, and in. 1910 her 

 population was 3,360,416, or 418.7 per square mile. The area of 

 Connecticut is 4,820 square miles, and in 1910 her population was 

 1,113,736, or 210.5 per square mile. Such a mass of population fur- 

 nishes excellent markets for large quantities of farm-food products. 



Soil development along various lines is possible. Among these, 

 orcharding is important. 



The different varieties of apples and peaches do not succeed equally 

 well. on all soils, some varieties giving the best results on soils or 

 under soil conditions that may be more or less definitely defined. 

 In some cases, however, a soil not suitable in all respects may be 

 modified, as by increasing or decreasing the humus content, tile 

 draining, etc., to meet the requirements to such a degree that mod- 

 erately good results may be secured. The kinds of soil upon which 

 various varieties of apples have given, and may reasonably be ex- 

 pected to give, good results are described. 



Under cultivation mellow loams and fine sandy loams overlying 

 subsoils not lighter than a medium loam nor heavier than a light or 

 medium clay loam of friable structure excel for the Baldwin. Under 

 the same soil conditions Rome Beauty thrives farther south, where 



