32 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



dog fleas, house flies, mosquitoes, Orthezia insignis, red spiders, and 

 roaches." 



As early as 1879 and 1880 Riley's (71, p. 174-180) assistants used 

 infusions, decoctions, and alcoholic extracts of pyrethrum against 

 the cotton caterpillars and a few other insects. They report little 

 or sometimes no success with the extracts thus obtained. Cory (19), 

 after making several tests with a commercial alcoholic extract, pre- 

 pared in the form of a heavy liquid soap, reports that it is a promis- 

 ing insecticide against aphids, but Hamilton (37) used some of it 

 against the boxwood leaf midge and had no success. Juillet, Cala- 

 vielle, and Ancelin (46) extracted pyrethrum with ether, alcohol, and 

 carbon tetrachlorid, and then incorporated these extracts into soap 

 solution. They believe that these soapy extracts are superior to all 

 other insecticides used in viticulture against Cochylis and Eudemis. 



The writers' results are given on pages 6, 10 to 21. 



Chrysanthemum coccineum Willd. Synonyms : C. roseum Adam, Pyrethrum 

 carneum Bieb. Persian insect flowers. Persia to Caucasus Mountains. 



Von Mueller (91, p. 121) claims that this species yields the 

 Persian insect powder, and this is one of the three species, recognized 

 by the Insecticide and Fungicide Board of the United States De- 

 partment of Agriculture (57, p. 1), from which genuine insect 

 powder is made. 



Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Crown daisy. Mediterranean region. 



Kalbruner (47) says that the flowers of this were entirely in- 

 active against flies. 



Chrysanthemum corymbosum L. Synonym : Pyrethrum corymbosum Scop. 

 Europe, Asia, Africa. 



Kalbruner (47) says that the flowers were feebly benumbing to 

 flies. 



Bohmer (12) states that a powder made from the opened and 

 unopened flower heads, dried in the sun, was slightly less active than 

 insect powder against ants and flies. 



Passerini (66) did not find the opened flower heads of much value 

 against flies, the dog flea, and ants. 



Chrysanthemum frutescens L. Marguerite. Canary Islands, cultivated in 

 gardens. 



Landerer (52) claims that the flowers of this can ordinarily be 

 substituted for genuine insect powder. 



Chrysanthemum indicum L. Mother chrysanthemum. China and Japan. 



Passerini (66) found the open and closed flower heads and the 

 leaves of this species entirely inactive against the insects tested. 



Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Synonym : Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

 Oxeye daisy. Europe and Asia, naturalized in eastern United States. 



Kalbruner (47) found the flowers entirely inactive against flies. 



Riley (71, p. 180) found the powder, water extract, and alcoholic 

 extract from the flower heads had no effect on cotton caterpillars. 



Cook, Hutchison, and Scales (17, p. 21) found that this species 

 had no effect on fly larvae. 



The writers' results are given on page 22. 



