NURSERY PRACTICE ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 37 



it in others. Without shade, seedlings may thrive on the richer, 

 more retentive soil of a nursery but make poor growth on less 

 fertile soil. Because the period of their initial growth falls in the 

 early spring, when the weather is not extremely hot, seedlings from 

 fall-sown seed are not so likely to need shade as those from spring- 

 sown seed. 



At the Savenac Nursery, in western Montana, western yellow pine 

 is grown without shade, but the eastern and western white pines, 

 Engelmann spruce, western red cedar, and western larch need par- 

 tial shade during hot weather. 



At the Boulder Nursery, in southwestern Montana, western yellow 

 pine is grown without shade, but Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce 

 require it during the first year. 



At the Bessey Nursery, in the Nebraska sandhill region, all conif- 

 erous species are shaded during the first year. 



At the Monument Nursery, in central Colorado, one and two year 

 old Engelmann spruce and Douglas fir are given shade. 



At the Fort Bayard Nursery, in southern New Mexico, shade 

 is unnecessary w T ith western yellow and Jeffrey pines, and Juniperus 

 monosperma. Shade is given Juniperus scopulorum and Cupressus 

 arizonica, but it is not known to be needed. 



At the Cottonwood Nursery, in north-central Utah, western yel- 

 low, Scotch, and Austrian pines need no shade ; Douglas fir can some- 

 times be grown without it, but usually Douglas fir, the larches, and 

 Engelmann spruce require it for their best development. 



At the Pocatello Nursery, in southeastern Idaho, western yellow 

 pine does not need shade, but Douglas fir does. 



At the Wind River Nursery, in southern Washington, all one-year 

 seedlings from spring-sown seed are shaded, but Douglas fir and 

 western yellow pine from fall-sown seed thrive satisfactorily with- 

 out it. 



At the Pilgrim Creek Nursery, in northern California, western 

 yellow pine is grown without shade. All other species, including 

 Jeffrey and sugar pines, incense cedar, and white fir are shaded, but 

 it is not known that all need it. 



At the Converse Flats Nursery, in southern California, all species 

 grown, including western yellow T and Jeffrey pines and incense and 

 deodar cedars, are shaded during their first year. 



Shade frames. — There are two general types of shade frames used 

 in nursery operations, the high and the low. The most common form 

 of the latter is the lath frame previously described. When in place 

 this frame rests about a foot above the level of the beds and can easily 

 be handled by one man. 



A form of low frame used at the Bessey Nursery is about 22 inches 

 high (PI. VII). Stakes made of 2 by 4's are driven in the paths 



