36 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN NO. 484. 



sizes as the owner requires and the balance put into cordwood. Owing 

 to the care required to avoid damage to young growth, the cost of 

 cutting will be high, perhaps $40 per acre. The cost of necessary 

 planting (400 trees per acre) will average $6 per acre. The three 

 cleanings will require 8 to 10 hours' labor of one man per acre. The 

 result will be a pure stand of young pine on good soil, which, if fires 

 are excluded, should grow more rapidly and yield a greater quantity 

 of wood of higher value than the stand which it replaced, and which 

 in addition will be secure against gipsy-moth attack. 



Successive cuttings. — If the plan is adopted of gradually convert- 

 ing the stand from hardwoods to pine, two cuttings should be made. 

 The first cutting, to be made at once, should remove all dead, dying, 

 defective, and suppressed trees. As the gipsy moth is not present in 

 large numbers, the heavy cutting of Class I trees (most favored food 

 of the caterpillar) is not as important as in stands already considered, 

 but since there are almost no other trees present except pines, the 

 cutting above described amounts in this instance to practically the 

 same thing as recommending the cutting of Class I trees of the species 

 found on this lot. The object should be to cut as heavily as is pos- 

 sible without exposing the ground too much and to release all pines 

 in danger of suppression. 



The hardwoods left should be as far as possible thrifty individuals 

 of seedling origin. All pines likely to make good trees should also 

 be left. About 50 or 60 per cent of the total number of trees present 

 should be removed. 



The areas insufficiently stocked should be planted at once with 

 some moth-resistant conifer. The soil is not suitable for any of the 

 resistant hardwoods. Red or white pine or a mixture of both may 

 be used, as on the lots previously considered, with entire confidence. 

 Owing to the young growth of white pine already present, an average 

 of 400 plants per acre for the whole lot will be sufficient. 



Cleanings, about three in all, will be necessary every two years, as 

 in the case of one cutting. These will meet all silvicultural require- 

 ments. 



The second cutting should be made just as soon as the trees planted 

 are established and have gained a decisive lead over the sprouts from 

 stumps of trees cut. This would be not less than five years after the 

 first cutting. If it were delayed five years longer the planted trees 

 would probably be secure against being overtopped by sprouts from 

 the second cutting. If cut after the first five years a cleaning in 

 the second and another in the fourth year would probably be neces- 

 sary. 



The second cutting should remove all remaining hardwoods, leav- 

 ing only conifers. If at that time a market or use exists for a small 

 amount of low-grade white and pitch pine, those in the original 



