48 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN NO. 484. 



With the faster growing species, like white ash, basswood, and red 

 oak, a rotation of 70 years may be used, but 100 years are needed for 

 the slower growing hardwoods. Considering the species which 

 must be favored if the object is gipsy-moth control, a rotation of 100 

 years would be necessary. 



Planting. — In the northern hardwoods region, of which this stand 

 is typical, the greater part of the woodland must be kept growing 

 hardwoods for many years to come. Where intensive methods are 

 possible, the more poorly stocked areas may be changed from hard- 

 wood to coniferous stands. 



The desirability of this change from the standpoint of gipsy-moth 

 control will depend in each case upon the composition of the actual 

 stand under consideration. 



The change can be made best by planting, which it is believed has 

 already been sufficiently considered in the discussion of other stands. 



In view of its freedom from attack by the white-pine blister rust 

 it is desired to emphasize the increased importance of red, or Nor- 

 way pine for planting in the region infested with the gipsy moth. 



CONCLUSIONS. 



No single rule or simple formula can be given by which to secure 

 in woodlands the control of the gipsy moth by forest management. 

 Each lot and each combination of species presents a problem in 

 which the controlling factors are site, soil, location, market, species 

 present, their value and relative proportion, the degree of infestation, 

 and the cost of labor. 



In many cases these factors combine in • such a way that manage- 

 ment is economically impossible. 



It is believed that the suggestions contained herein have been 

 made so definite that a careful reading will enable any owner or other 

 person interested in the problem to discriminate between results 

 which may and those which may not reasonably be expected under 

 certain conditions, which have been selected because typical of those 

 on large areas within the infested region. 



While we are waiting for definite results from the various experi- 

 ments now in progress, some of which have been referred to in the 

 preceding pages, it is well for foresters and entomologists squarely to 

 face the fact that the possible field of forest management as a method 

 of controlling the gipsy moth is strictly limited. 



Even in the mixed hardwoods type, where success may in some 

 cases reasonably be expected, the cost will often be prohibitive. 



In other forest types, and in the other forest regions within the 

 area now infested by the gipsy moth, general control by forest man- 

 agement may or may not prove to be an economic possibility. 



