4 BULLETIN 4S7, V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



understanding of the anatomy of the horse. (Fig- -•) The different 

 classes of levers should be demonstrated to the class, after which the 

 students may point out the application of the physical principles in- 

 volved in the movements of the horse. It is important to consider 

 the relative lengths of bones and muscles in their relation to strength 

 and the transmission of power. The manner of attachment of muscles 

 to bones should be emphasized also in relation to its effect upon the 



Fig. 2. — Skeleton of horse with outline of contour of body. (From Sisson, The Anatomy 

 of the Domestic Animals.) Ill, Atlas; 7 11, seventh cervical vertebra; 1 R. lirst 

 thoracic vertebra; 17 R, seventeenth thoracic vertebra; 1 L, first lumbar vertebra; 

 6 L, sixth lumbar vertebra : K, sacrum ; 1 S, first coccygeal vertebra ; 16 S, sixteenth 

 coccygeal vertebra; 6 R, sixth rib; 6 K, costal cartilage: 1, scapula; 1', cartilage of 

 scapula; 2, spine of scapula; 4, humerus; 5, lateral tuberosity of humerus; 6, deltoid 

 tuberosity ; 7, shaft of ulna ; 8, olecranon ; 9, radius ; 10, carpus ; 11, accessory carpal 

 bone; 12. metacarpus; 13. digit; 14, sternum; 14", xiphoid cartilage; 15, ilium; 

 16, 16, angles of ilium: 17, ischium; 18, femur (shaft) : 19, trochanter major; 20, 

 patella : 21, tibia (shaft) ; 21', lateral condyle of tibia ; 22, tarsus ; 23, fibula ; 24, tuber 

 calsis; 23, metatarsus: 20. digit; 27, trochanter minor of femur; 28, trochanter tertius 

 of femur. 

 (After Ellenberger-I'.auin, Anat. fur Kunstler.) 



power to do work. Throughout the discussion a comparison of the 

 structure underlying speed should be made with that form associated 

 with strength. The charts should aid the students in understanding 

 the extent to which the form of a horse depends upon the skeleton and 

 to what extent the muscles contribute to form. The structure of 

 bones and muscles do not determine altogether the working of the 



