8 BULLETIN 1101, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTtJEE. 



Dry roughage includes various hays and other bulky feeds. Dry 

 roughage is divided into the three following classes : N oncorwniercial 

 dry roughage applies to coarse feeds, such as com fodder and other 

 roughages for which price quotations are not given in the trade 

 papers. Hay or other dry roughage so foul with weeds or so damaged 

 in curing as not to be readily salable was also classified under this 

 heading. Commercial legume hay includes alfalfa, clover, and other 

 marketable legume hays, when pure, or when so slightly mixed with 

 grasses as not materially to affect the protein content. Commiercial 

 carbohydrate hay refers to all marketable hays except those classified 

 as legume hay. 



Succulent roughage consists of corn silage, potatoes, beets, and soil- 

 ing crops. 



The quantities of the various feeds used were obtained from actual 

 weighings made by the field agent on his regular monthly visit to each 

 farm. 



Purchased concentrates were charged at the prices paid. The home- 

 grown grains were given the farm price. Charges for hauling and 

 grinding home-grown grain were not included in the price but were 

 recorded separately. The value of silage was based upon the value 

 of the grain and roughage in it, less, the difference between the cost 

 of harvesting the corn and the cost of putting it into the silo. 



PASTURE. 



The rent for permanent pasture was determined by adding to the 

 interest on the unimproved value of the land the cost of maintaining 

 fences and incidentals, such as seeding. Where stubble land was pas- 

 tured after the grain had been harvested or when meadows were 

 grazed after the hay had been removed, a charge was made equal to 

 the rent value of permanent pasture for the month which best repre- 

 sented the quantity of feed obtained from the stubble or meadow. 



Some of the herds had the run of cheap bottom-land pasture, worth 

 about one-fifth the value of cultivated land. Two other herds were 

 short of pasture practically all the time during the two years of 

 study. This latter fact materially increased the cost of production. 



LABOR. 



Throughout this 2-year study the cost of management has not been 

 included in the charge for labor, because no satisfactory basis has 

 been found upon which to make this charge. The physical labor of 

 the manager was charged up at the same rate per hour as he would 

 have had to pay if he had hired a man of equal skill to take his place. 



