22 BULLETIN 757, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The manure spreader has lately come to be a very common farm 
implement in certain parts of North Dakcta, as the farm operators 
have begun to appreciate the value of manure. The increase in 
amount of live stock has caused an increase in the amount of manure, 
and this is now being utilized more efficiently. Manure spreaders 
vary in make and size; those of from 60 to 70 bushels capacity are 
common. Two, three, or four horses are used, depending on capacity. 
Where the barn is built with a driveway through it the spreaders are 
loaded directly from the gutters. In other cases overhead carriers 
are used, which dump into the manure spreader outside the barn. 
The larger machines for corn production are now common, the two- 
row check planter being used as well as the corn binder. Two horses 
are used on the planter and four on the binder. The 2-horse rid- 
ing cultivator for corn and potatoes is more common than the walk- 
ing cultivator. Very little wood is used in its construction; it lasts 
for a dozen years with scarcely any repairs. 
A farm wagon is required for approximately every 100 acres of 
crop land on the farm. The wide-tire wagon is most common. Grain 
tanks of from 60 to 125 bushels capacity are found on every farm, one 
to about every 270 acres. Racks for hauling hay and grain are short- 
lived, being almost entirely of wood construction. 
Stationary gas engines are found on nearly every farm, many 
farms having two or even three of them. These are used for grind- 
ing feed, pumping water, elevating grain, etc. They vary in size 
from one to four horsepower, the one and one-half horsepower engine 
being very common. The prewar cost of these was approximately 
$30 per horsepower, with considerable variation according to make 
of engine. The small gas engine has now been simplified to such an 
extent that anyone of average intelligence can operate it, and it is 
now practically a necessity on the North Dakota farm. 
On those farms where potatoes are raised, both planters and dig- 
gers are used. Diggers are four-horse implements, and both dieeem 
and planters are very necessary where large acreages of the crop are 
raised. 
Buck rakes and hay stackers (fig. 15) are not infrequently found 
on the larger farms where much live stock is kept and a considerable 
acreage of hay is harvested. It is only on such farms that these im- 
plements are profitable, inasmuch as the depreciation and repair 
charges on them are comparatively high. 
A large amount of small tools and implements is necessary to the 
operation of the farm, although many farms have considerably more 
of these articles than are essential. 
Thrashing outfits (fig. 6) are often owned and operated by farm- 
ers, although they generally do considerable outside work, except on 
the very large farms. Not infrequently two or more farmers in a 
