14 BULLETIN 760, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
age with their own tractors. Two- to 4-gang 14- to 16-inch plows 
were used, and the ground was plowed to an average depth of 12 
inches. The man-labor requirement -averaged 1.77 hours per acre, 
involving a labor cost of 37 cents per acre. (See fig. 6.) 
CHISELING. 
The field chisel or deep cultivator, as it is often called, has two 
staggered rows of rigid, narrow teeth, firmly attached to an iron 
frame which is supported on wheels at either end. (See Table 
TX.) Hand levers which are attached to the frame insure an ac- 
curate adjustment of the depth of cultivation. On loose, spring- 
plowed land, the deep cultivator is used to firm and compact the 
The crew in this case consisted of one 
Fig. 5.—Plowing with an ordinary sulky. 
man and six mules. 
soil for the entire depth of the seed bed. When the chisel is used 
for this purpose it should be followed soon after by a spike-tooth 
harrow to create a dust mulch to lessen evaporation. On the heavier 
soil types, such as are found in the Salinas area, the deep cultivator 
serves to loosen up the surface soil which has become compact, and 
at the same time to subdue weeds. 
TABLE LX.—Chiseling. 
Acres in beets Hours of labor 
Number | Per cent per farm. mines per acre. Labor 
District. of of total chiceledell cost per 
records. | records. - acre. 
Total. | Chiseled. Man. Horse. 
Mos Angeless2 222-).--- 7 9 119. 29 97. 86 1. 43 2.07 14. 40 $1. 85 
Oxnard eee eeeee ee 5 11 93. 20 53. 20 1. 20 1.90 12. 76 1. 68 
Salinas fete ahe sees: 34 87 88. 85 88. 12 1.69 12. 93 1. 64 
