18 BULLETIN 760, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
timbers on edge. (See fig. 8.) In passing over the surface of the 
soil this implement has a grinding, pulverizing action, fills in de- 
pressions, and serves to make a smooth, even surface. (See Table 
XII.) 
Taste NII.—Harrowing (spike tooth and smudge). 
‘Acres in beets 192s Hours per acre. 
Number | Per cent ; Times Labor 
District. of of total! |\——je6. eC a=) | |S ee ECOSUIDES 
records. | records. ar rowed. acre. 
Tota aol Man Horse 
LL = | | (EC | + ! reo 
Los Angeles.........- 80 99 95. 66 95. 66 3.77 3. 01 12. 80 $1. 88 
Daa PRO LS wee eee 41 91 57. 73 55. 05 2.49 1.14 7. 26 97 
Salli als emma se rs see 39 100 92. 72 92. 72 4,74 2. 00 12. 45 1. 67 
Fie. 8.—Harrowing with a smudge. 
The spike-tooth harrow was in almost universal use in the Oxnard 
and Salinas districts. Smudging was common in the Los Angeles 
district. On 95 per cent of the farms in the Oxnard and Salinas 
districts the spike-tooth was used while 95 per cent of the men in 
the Los Angeles district reported the use of the smudge. 
_ The 1-man-4-horse crew was most in evidence in the Los Angeles 
district. Sixty-five per cent reported a crew of that size, while 14 per 
cent, 33 per cent, and 74 per cent in the Los Angeles, Oxnard and Sa- 
linas districts, respectively, reported the use of the 1-man-6-horse 
crew (see figs. 9 and 10). The 1-man-8-horse crew was reported on 
42 per cent of the farms in the Oxnard district. | 
The spike-tooth used consisted of from two to four sections and 
varied in width from 10 to 20 feet. 
