ECONOMICAL USE OF FUEL I1ST CREAMERIES. 43 



wheelbarrow or a specially .designed coal truck. The barrow or 

 truck is often overloaded and the coal falls off and is trampled into 

 the dirt. This loss is one due entirely to slovenliness or carelessness, 

 and not only results in a direct loss of coal but causes the plant to 

 present an untidy and unkempt appearance. A little care and the- 

 use of a broom will eliminate this loss and also improve the appear- 

 ance of the plant. 



Table 7. — Distribution of heat energy between the coal pile and machinery 

 in an average creamery making 500,000 pounds of butter annually from pas- 

 teurized cream, live steam being used for all purposes. 



Total B. t. u. in coal 1,000X13,500,000=100 per cent. 



Heat distribution in boiler room: B.t. u. Percent. 



Lost in handling at plant 135, 000 1. 00 



Lost in raising steam 4. 050, 000 30. 00 



Lost in ashes 270,000 2.00 



Lost by radiation in boiler room 540, 000 4. 00 



Lost by incomplete combustion 270, 000 2. 00 



Lost in chimney to maintain draft .Z 2, 632, 500 19. 50 



Lost due to excess air driven through grates and j 



leaks in boiler setting 2, 700, 000 20. 00 



Lost through heating moisture in coal 135, 000 1. 00 



Lost due to soot on heating surfaces 270, 000 2. 00 



Lost due to scale in boiler 405, 000 3. 00 



Lost due to leakage of water and steam 8, 100 . 08 



Heat distribution in engine room : i 



Lost due to friction and radiation from steam pipes 9, 450 . 07 



Lost due to engine friction, radiation, etc., and loss 



in transmission from engine to machinery 9, 450 . 07 



Amount consumed in engine as useful work • 135, 000 1. 00 



Amount used in pasteurizing cream 216, 000 1. 60 



Heating milk for separating 94, 500 . 70 



Heating starter milk 27, 000 . .20 



Heating wash water 243,000 1.80 



Steaming and drying cans 135, 000 1. 00 



Lost in exhaust steam 1,215,000 9.00 



13, 500, 000 100. 00 



In the great majority of creameries the boilers are kept fired only 

 a few hours a day, the fires being allowed to burn out entirely or 

 just fire enough maintained to keep the boiler warm overnight. 

 It is necessary, therefore, to build a- fire in the furnace each morning. 

 The average boiler requires about 10 pounds of coal per horsepower 

 capacity of boiler for heating up the boiler and the brickwork of the 

 setting and for, raising steam. A large portion of this heat which is 

 stored in the brickwork of the setting, in the boiler shell, and in the 

 water contained in the boiler is dissipated over night and must be sup- 

 plied again the next morning. On account of the comparatively 

 short time the boiler is operated each day this loss is one of tlia 



