18 BULLETIN 824, U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



mate, curcuma, and Ohrysanthemum leucanthemum (Hungarian 

 daisy). Schrenk (249), in 1889, also mentioned the Hungarian 

 daisy, sometimes known as the Russian daisy, as an adulterant. 

 He stated that starch is a very common adulterant. Beringer (29), 

 in 1889, reported that insect powder brought into America was 

 extensively adulterated with the Hungarian daisy, and that the 

 ground stems and leaves of the Pyrethrum plant were also used as 

 adulterants. Hart (119), in 1888, reported yellow ocher and wheat 

 starch as adulterants. 



In the same year, Marpmann (190) reported the use of the pow- 

 dered root of Veratrum album as an adulterant of insect powder. 



Thompson (273), in 1891, examined 7 samples of insect powder 

 put out by American manufacturers, 2 of which were adulterated 

 with lead chromate. Verneau (285), in 1892, listed the adulterants 

 of insect powder as follows: Crotonflavens, Anthemis cotula, Chrys- 

 anihemum segetum, Matricaria partTienium, Tanacetum vulgare, 

 Chamomile romaine, Cfhrysanthemum leucanthemum, and wheat 

 starch. Jelliffe (148), in 1895, spoke of the extensive adulteration 

 by means of the stems of the Pyrethrum plant, and proposed methods 

 for the detection of stem tissue in a powder. Caesar and Loretz 

 (42) report that in their examination of commercial insect powders 

 they have noted the following adulterants: Quillaja, euphorbium, 

 powdered whole chrysanthemum plant, quassia, powdered aloes, 

 senna leaves, Hungarian daisy, saffron, and lead chromate. 



In 1899, Huber (142) found 2 out of 5 brands of insect powder 

 examined to be adulterated with ground oxeye daisy flowers. 

 Tschirch and Oesterle (281) give C. coronarium and Inula pulicaria 

 in addition to many of the flowers previously mentioned as being 

 used as adulterants. Collin (47) identified a sample of ''false" in- 

 sect flowers as Chrysanthemum pallens. 



Hockauf (134), in 1903, hsted the following adulterants of insect 

 powder: Flowers of different species of Chrysanthemum {Chrysan- 

 themum leucanthemum, C corymhosum, C. inodorum, C. indicum); 

 different species of Anthemis (Anthemis arvensis, A. tinctoria, A. 

 cotula); and Helichrysum italicum. In the same year Jean (147) 

 stated that he had found potassium chromate and sawdust in com- 

 mercial insect powder, and Haywood (122) gave the results of the 

 examination of 105 samples, 19 of which were found to be colored 

 with lead chromate in amounts ranging from 0.12 to 1.47 per cent. 



Hanausek and Winton (118) give the following as adulterants: 

 Heads of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Helichrysum arenarium 

 DC. {Flores Stsechadis citrinse, yellow cat's paw, hom--glass weed, 

 yellow-moth weed), and the stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum 

 cinerarisefolium. H. Wippell Gadd and Sydney C. Gadd (90), in 



