42 BULLETIN 285, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 



The stands are unthinned and are customarily cut clear, the largest 

 timber being the first cut. (PL XIV, fig. 2.) With the introduction 

 of thinnings and possibly of the shelterwood system of reproduction 

 cuttings, both the yield and the composition of these stands could 

 be materially improved. In the case of the thinned stand illustrated 

 (PI. XV, fig. 1) as plot No. 18 (p. 27) the owner realized a substantial 

 profit in addition to a good stumpage value for his thinnings, and at 

 the same time left the stand in a very much better condition as to 

 species and growing space. With improving tax laws and increasing 

 stumpage values, the opportunities for intensive management of 

 second-growth hardwoods can not fail to extend. 



APPLICATION OP PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT IN TIMBER-SALE PRACTICE. 



The method of applying the principles governing management in 

 any particular region is illustrated in the following provisional 

 schedule of instructions proposed for timber-sale practice on Federal 

 land in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. 



Principles Governing the Marking of Northern Hardwoods in National Forest Timber- 

 Sale Practice in the White Mountains. 



Objects op marking: 



In general, the objects of marking will be: 



(1) To secure a reproduction of desirable species. 



(2) To remove a practicable cut for the operator under the actual local conditions 

 as to marketable products. 



(3) To improve existing stands through the removal for utilization of (a) large 

 mature timber; (b) smaller trees when decayed, insect infested, or otherwise defective; 

 and (c) trees of the less valuable species; and through thinnings to increase the growth 

 of preferred species. 



The markings will vary in detail according to the composition of the forest type, 

 the topography, aspect, etc. In general, the following variations in composition may 

 be distinguished: 



Old-growth yellow birch, beech, and hard maple: 



(a) With mixture of spruce, balsam, or hemlock. 



(b) With mixture of white pine or tamarack. 



(c) With mixture of ash, elm, basswood, or red oak. 



(d) With mixture of paper birch or aspen. 



(e) With beech predominating. 



(/) With yellow or black birch predominating. 

 (g) With sugar maple predominating. 

 Young-growth hardwoods (even- aged): 



(a) Pure or mixed stands of yellow birch, beech, and maple with and without 

 mixture of conifers, ash, elm, basswood, and oak. 



(6) Pure or mixed stands of paper birch and aspen, with subordinate conifers or 

 hardwoods. 

 Marking in old-growth hardwoods: 



(a) With mixture of spruce, balsam, or hemlock: 



Wherever practicable, conifers should be encouraged among the hardwoods, to 

 increase the value and size of the future yield and, on watersheds, the protective value 

 of the forest. With tolerant conifers this should be attempted by selection cuttings 



