NORTH AMERICAN GULLS AND THEIR ALLIES. 17 



the western pollicaris has not yet been determined. It is known that 

 the western form extends east to Point Barrow, but since Murdoch 

 did not observe the bird there, and Seale did not see it east of Icy 

 Cape, it is probable that it is rare at Point Barrow, and that this 

 marks about the limit of the eastern extension of its range. If many 

 nested east of Point Barrow, then the birds would probably be 

 common there in fall migration, since they are strictly confined to 

 the seacoast. East of Point Barrow for 30 degrees of longitude there 

 are no records of kittiwakes of any form nor was one recorded by any 

 of the explorers who visited Banks Land and Prince Patrick Island. 

 Though seen by Richardson at Franklin Bay, in 1826, it was not 

 included in the enormous collections made by MacFarlane in this 

 same region 40 years later; showing that if it occurs there at all at 

 present it must be very rare. The above statements seem to warrant 

 the belief that the western subspecies pollicaris is restricted to the 

 region west of Point Barrow, and that all the birds on the Arctic 

 islands of North America belong to the eastern subspecies tridactyla. 



The subspecies tridactyla breeds south to the mainland of northern 

 Asia, to northwestern France, the southern end of Greenland (Hage- 

 rup), Magdalen Islands (Brewster), Godbout, Quebec (Comeau), Cape 

 Fullerton (Low), and Franklin Bay, Mackenzie (Richardson). 



Winter range. — The birds breeding north of Europe and eastern 

 Siberia range southward in winter to the shores of the Caspian Sea, 

 to the southern coast of the Mediterranean, and to the Canaries 

 (Saunders). The breeding birds of the Western Hemisphere desert 

 the Arctic islands during winter, but are common at this season 

 among the outer islands on the Maine coast (Knight), at Grand 

 Manan, New Brunswick (Herrick), and at least as far north as 

 Halifax, Nova Scotia (Jones). The species remains in the Gulf of 

 St. Lawrence around Prince Edward Island as long as it can find open 

 water, and undoubtedly it often stays all winter. 



The whole New England coast is visited during winter, as well as 

 Long Island Sound and the New Jersey coast south to Long Branch 

 and Atlantic City (Stone). The kittiwake wanders still farther 

 south and was noted February 4, 1913, off the coast of Maryland, 

 latitude 37° 46' N., longitude 74° 10' W. It is not rare on Ber- 

 muda, having been seen from January 5 to April 4 (Reid), and in 

 January, 1901, all the way on the ocean from New York City to 

 latitude 25° 51' N., longitude 37° 43' W., several hundred miles 

 southeast of Bermuda. 



Migration range. — The kittiwake is normally a salt-water species, 



but it ascends the St. Lawrence regularly to Quebec and rarely to 



Montreal (Dionne). It has wandered inland to Enosburg Falls, Vt., 



November 12, 1906 (Woodworth); Oak Orchard, Orleans County, 



3673°— Bull. 292—15 3 



