NORTH AMERICAN GULLS AND THEIR ALLIES. 19 



March 26, earliest March 15, 1891 ; Godbout, Quebec, average April 6, 

 earliest March 25, 1884, and the month of Great Whale River, 

 Quebec, March 26, 1899 (Eifrig). With such an early start the 

 northward progress is not fast and it is June before the first arrive in 

 the northern part of the range — Cape Farewell, Greenland, June 7, 

 1821 (Parry) ; Cape York, Greenland, June 10, 1825 (Parry) ; Fort Con- 

 ger, Ellesmere Island, June 21, 1885 (Greeley) ; Prince of Wales Strait, 

 June 7, 1851 (Armstrong); and north of Wellington Channel, latitude 

 77°, June 19, 1853 (Belcher). In 1887 the first arrived at Ivigtut, 

 Greenland, on March 26 (Hagerup). 



The southern part of the winter home is deserted early in the 

 season and the last bird is reported to remain on Long Island to 

 March 17 (Dutcher); New Haven, Conn., April 14 (Merriam); New- 

 port, R. I., March 23, 1900 (Mearns), and Gloucester, Mass., March 



13, 1890 (White). A few remain on the coast of Maine all summer 

 and have been reported at White Horse Ledge, in Jericho Bay, July 

 11, 1903; and near Portland, July 14, 1907 (Norton). The species 

 was noted June 5-11, 1894, on Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Dwight). 

 In none of these cases did these summer birds show signs of breeding, 

 and they were undoubtedly barren. 



Eggs of the kittiwake were taken on the Bird Rocks near the Mag- 

 dalen Islands, June 10, 1877 (specimens in U. S. National Museum), 

 and July 10, 1855, on the west coast of Greenland, latitude 76° 

 (Kane) . Exceptionally early eggs were found at Ivigtut, Greenland, 

 June 1, 1887 (Hagerup). 



Fall migration. — A few migrants appear in southern Maine early 

 in fall — Piper Pond, August 4, 1901 (Ritchie), and Islesboro, August 



14, 1907 (Knight)- — but these may be nonbreeding birds that have 

 spent the summer not far to the northward. The main body of the 

 migrants does not appear until much later. Many years' observa- 

 tions on the Massachusetts coast give November 6 as the average 

 date of arrival, earliest October 27, 1890. The earliest date on Long 

 Island is November 4 (Braislin). 



Ice drives the kittiwake from the Arctic in early fall and in 1852 

 the last was seen at Wellington Channel, September 2 (McCormick), 

 and September 1, 1876, at Lincoln Bay, Ellesmere Island, latitude 80° 

 (Feilden). 



PACIFIC KITTIWAKE. Eissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway. 



Range. — Coasts of the North Pacific, Bering Sea, and the adjacent 

 Arctic Ocean. 



Breeding range. — The Pacific kittiwake replaces the eastern sub- 

 species, tridactyla, in the North Pacific and neighboring parts of the 

 Arctic Ocean. It breeds north to Herald Island (Nelson) , Cape Lis- 

 burne (Stone), Icy Cape (Seale), and Point Barrow (Stone), though it 



