THE ASHES: THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. 15 



sites in the Coastal and Gulf Plain region down to elevations of less 

 than 100 feet above sea level. The chief associates of white ash on 

 this type include yellow poplar, red, white, black, pin, and chestnut 

 oaks, black and red gum, pignut and shagbark hickory, black walnut, 

 and chestnut. White ash is very much outgrown by yellow poplar, 

 and often occurs as an overtopped tree in old stands, though in this 

 type it reaches its largest size. 



BILTMORE ASH. 



The pubescent form of white ash, known as Biltmore ash, is occa- 

 sionally found in the mixed oaks and chestnut type and in the yellow 

 poplar type of the southern Appalachians and Central States east of 

 the Mississippi River. It is adapted to somewhat drier soil condi- 

 tions than white ash, and has a more vigorous growth at the outset. 

 In central Tennessee this species sometimes forms from 1 to 5 per 

 cent of the merchantable stand of the original forest. 



TEXAN WHITE ASH. 



Texan white ash is adapted to dry hills of central Texas, where it 

 occurs with post oak in noncommercial stands. 



GREEN ASH. 



Green ash is primarily a species of southern overflow river bottoms, 

 most abundant in those of the Mississippi River and its tributaries 

 south of Illinois, also common in other rivers of the Atlantic and 

 Gulf Coastal Plains from Virginia to Texas. It has spread itself 

 extensively along watercourses all over the upper Mississippi Valley 

 north into Manitoba and Saskatchewan and west into Colorado and 

 Montana. In the western and northern limits of its occurrence its 

 place is sometimes taken by red ash, which is better able to survive 

 on upland sites. The bottom land on which it grows is compara- 

 tively free from water during most of the growing season at least 

 (PI. X) ; it does not flourish like tupelo and cypress on land which is 

 saturated during most of that period, although poor, suppressed 

 specimens of great age are sometimes found on such areas. The char- 

 acteristic associates of green ash on drier portions of bottom lands, 

 often not subject to overflow, are sweet gum, cottonwood, cow and 

 white oaks, sycamore, white elm, and persimmon ; and in the inferior 

 species are hackberry, red and silver maples, boxelder, slippery elm, 

 Kentucky coffeetree, sassafras, dogwood, honey locust, and pawpaw. 

 On intermediate bottom lands, often overflowed but dry during most 

 of the growing season, green ash is characteristically associated with 

 sweet and black gum, cow oak, willow oak, swamp white oak, pecan, 

 hickory, red oak, hackberry, red maple, white elm, cork elm, slip- 

 pery elm, river birch, willow, mulberry, persimmon, cottonwood, 

 cypress, and tupelo gum; also (of lesser importance) honey locust, 



