UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

 BULLETIN No. 285 



Contribution from the Forest Service 

 HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester 



Washington, D. C. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER 



October 22, 1915 



THE NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST: 



ITS COMPOSITION, GROWTH, 



AND MANAGEMENT 



By 

 E. H. FROTHINGHAM, Forest Examiner 



CONTENTS 



Introduction 1 



The Northern Hardwood Forest ... 2 



Topography and Climate 3 



Composition 6 



Form 16 



Growth 17 



Second Growth 20 



Economic Importance 27 



General Utility 27 



Economic Importance— Continued. 



Annual Cut 28 



Present Supply 31 



Value of Standing Timber .... 31 



Management 33 



Place of Northern Hardwoods in For- 

 est Management 33 



Species Mentioned in this Bulletin . . 45 



Appendix 47 



WASHINGTON 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 



1915 



