74 BULLETIN 376, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 



The writer desires to acknowledge indebtedness to the various 

 engineers and managers of irrigation, municipal, and power systems 

 who permitted and aided in tests upon the pipes in their charge. 

 Acknowledgment is also . made to the engineers of the United States 

 Reclamation Service for suggestions and drawings. Where data 

 have been secured from other sources footnotes give the necessary- 

 references. 



APPENDIX. 



The following pages are devoted to abstracts of descriptions of 

 experiments made by agencies other than the division of Irrigation 

 Investigations, Office of Ptibhc Roads and Rural Engineering. The 

 number before each description refers to the corresponding numbers 

 in columns 1, Tables 2 and 3. 



No. 1. Expt. HS-X, IJ-inch Jointed (Bored) Redwood Pipe/ New Almaden, 

 Cal. — In 1877 Hamilton Smith, jr., made tests for loss of head in a straight pipe of 

 eight joints, made of heart redwood, bored by a pipe auger. The pipes were new and 

 uncoated. Connections were made by driving one joint into another, an outer iron 

 band preventing splitting during this process. The area of the pipe was determined 

 by weighing the water contained in each joint. The total loss of head was determined 

 from the difference in elevation of the water surface over the inlet and at the mid- 

 point of outlet (discharge being into open air). To ascertain friction head the velocity 

 and entry heads were deducted from the effective head. The discharge was meas- 

 wxed accurately in a rectangular wooden tank having a total capacity of 15.2 cubic 

 feet. In this series of tests the pipe and water discharges were so small that labora- 

 tory accuracy was practicable. This series was used by Tutton but not by Williams- 

 Hazen, Moritz, nor the writer in derivation of formulas. The line is not a stave pipe. 



Nos. 2-3. 4-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood- Stave Pipe, Sunnyside 

 Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington.^ — This pipe had been used for 

 three years for irrigation purposes when tested by Moritz. It is straight in horizontal 

 alignment, on a continuous down grade. Discharge was measured over a 12-inch 

 Cipolletti weir. A fungous growth was noted at the inlet, being from one-eighth to 

 three-sixteenths inch thick. The condition of the interior of the pipe was not known. 

 The short reach (No. 2) was included in the longer reach (No. 3). The capacity of 

 this pipe is 12 per cent less than the discharge computed by the new formula, prob- 

 ably due to the fungous growth. This conclusion is reached by taking the mean of 

 observations on reaches 2 and 3 together. 



No. 4. 5-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Pipe, Sunnyside 

 Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington. — This line had been used for 

 about two years at the time of the tests, for conveying irrigation water across a wide, 

 shallow depression. Horizontal alignment was straight. Discharge was measured 

 over an 8-inch sharp-crested Cipolletti weir. Water columns were used for gauge 

 No. 1 for all runs except 3 and 4, and for gauge No. 2. For runs 3 and 4 a mercury 

 manometer was used at gauge No. 1. Some trouble with air in the pipe was experi- 

 enced in these tests. The capacity of the pipe was about 5 per cent less than the 

 discharge computed by the new formula. 



1 Hydraulics. Hamilton Smith, jr., John Wiley & Sons, N. Y. (1886), p. 297. 



2 All tests made on rhe Sunnyside project were by E. A. Moritz and associates. Trans. Amer. Soc. Civ. 

 Engin., 74 (1911), p. 411. 



