THE FLOW OF WATEE IN WOOD-STAVE PIPE. 77 



No. 23. 18-inch Yellow Fir Continuous-Stave Pipe, Astoria Waterworks, 

 Oregon.! — ^A. L. Adams made two tests on long reaches of new yellow (Douglas) fir 

 continuous-stave pipe. The gravity line supplying Astoria consists of 7| miles of 18- 

 inch wood-stave, 3 miles of 16-inch and 1 mile of 14-inch steel pipe. The maximum 

 head on the stave pipe is 172 feet. The pipe is buried from 4 to 22 feet deep. Loss of 

 head was observed at standpipes, when the pipe line was carrying maximum ca- 

 pacity. Discharge was measiu-ed by the rise of water in a concrete reservoir. Leak- 

 age was tested and found to be negligible. The low friction factor found in this test is 

 the more remarkable in view of the fact that there are "in addition to a succession of 

 sweeping horizontal and vertical curves, 27 cast-iron bends, with a radius of curvature 

 of 5 feet, and with an average central angle of about 31°." (PI. XIV, fig. 1.) If but 

 two tests at the same velocity are to be accepted as a criterion for the capacity, then 

 the pipe will carry about 17 per cent more than as computed by the new formula. 

 According to Henny this pipe was replaced with redwood in 1911. It had lasted 16 

 years. 



Nos. 24-25. 18-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Pipe, Sunny- 

 side Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington. — This pipe was built in 

 1908 for conveyance of irrigation water. The reach tested is straight except for one 

 gentle curve through an angle of about 18°. In profile the pipe dips between gauges 

 1 and 2 about 20 feet in the reach 2,803 feet long. There are three minor summits in 

 the reach. Water colmnns were used at both gauges. AIt pulsations made tests 

 difficult and but one measurement for internal area was possible, this being at the 

 outlet where a distortion of about one-half inch was noted. Discharge was measured 

 over a 6-foot Cipolletti weir and was corrected for leakage through another gate in the 

 outlet structiu'e. The two reaches cover approximately the same stretch of pipe. 

 The capacity of the pipe was about 11 per cent greater than the discharge computed 

 by the new formula. 



No. 28. 22-inch Jointed (Machine-Banded) Wood-Stave Pipe, Sunnyside 

 Project, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington. — This pipe, built in 1906 to 

 convey water for irrigation, had been used four seasons of seven months each at the 

 time of tests. The horizontal alignment consists of two tangents intersecting at an 

 angle of about 5°. The low point of the pipe is about 75 feet below the hydraulic 

 gradient. There are probably no smnmits. The circumference of the pipe appears 

 to be distorted about 1 inch. Water columns were used for both gauges. Measure- 

 ments of diameter made at inlet and outlet gave a mean of 22 inches. Discharge was 

 measured for runs 1 and 2 over an 8-foot round-crested weir. The discharge for re- 

 maining runs was taken over a 4-foot sharp-crested weir. Seven small leaks were 

 measured volumetrically. Four irrigation hydrants are attached to this pipe. Re- 

 ferring to Plate VI it is seen that some unusual condition must be present in this pipe. 

 Although the mean of all the observations indicates that the capacity is 3 per cent 

 greater than that computed by the new formula, the individual observations indicate 

 that the lowest velocity is 25 per cent greater than the discharge computed by formula, 

 while the highest velocity is 12 per cent less than that discharge, for their respective 

 losses of head. The intermediate velocities show the same trend through the above 

 range. This series was rejected by Moritz, because of the unusual exponent of V. 

 As no really definite reason was given for the rejection, and since other series of various 

 experimenters show nearly as great peculiarities, the writer has retained the series. 



No. 32. Experiment H, 24-inch Continuous-Stave Redwood Pipe, Butte 

 City, Mont. — ^Water for the city of Butte, Mont., is conveyed from a reservoir about 

 9 miles distant in a redwood pi'pe laid in 1892 (PI. XIV, fig. 2), which was designed 

 as a low-pressure line following just under the hydraulic grade line as nearly as topog- 

 raphy would permit. However, in some places a head of 200 feet is developed and a 

 great deal of cm-vature, both horizontal and vertical, occurs throughout the length of 



1 Trans. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., 36 (1896), p. 26. 



