The Oceanic Languages Shemitic : a Discovery. 269 



literally meaning it is not, lath, leth, so in Oceanic, thus — 

 Ef. tika (vide Voc, 137, for ka, is) ; My., tiacla, tacla (ada, is, 

 Arm. ata, or atha ; Syr. lath is formed exactly like tada, 

 with same verb substantive); My., bukan (kan, is ; Arb., kan, 

 to be, used as an auxiliary verb) ; Mg., tsia (ia, Heb. hih or 

 hayah, to be) ; Ef., ewo, or awa (wa Voc, 116, is). 



In Efate and many other Papuan languages a demons- 

 trative is placed after the verb to emphasise the negative 

 that is before it. This demonstrative in Ef. is man (ma u), 

 Futuna, ma. In Amharic, mo is constantly used in the very 

 same way (vide, e.g., Jno. i. 5, 8). This is all the more striking 

 as it is the very same demonstrative that is thus strangely 

 used in places so widely apart as the New Hebrides and 

 Abyssinia. 



5. The following are demonstratives used as expletives : — 

 My., pun ; Ch., pun or pon. Ef., la ; My., lah (very much 

 used) ; Arb., la ; Heb., lu. 



§10. Prepositions. Mg., amy, "the only preposition in 

 the Mg. language," "from, with, to, &c; "its precise- mean- 

 ing is determined by the verb that precedes it ;" Heb., 'am 

 or 'im. Ef, ki.; My., ka.; Heb., k(e).; Assy., k(i); Amh., ka.; 

 Heb., k, prob. from ki (vide Ges. Diet., s. v. and Gr., §118, 3, 

 Rem.) ; as, as if, according to, of, from, by, with, to (Amh., 

 Jno. i. 15). My., pada ; to, &c; Heb., ba, 'ad. Ef., baki 

 (ba ki).; My., bagi (or baki); to, unto.; Heb., ba ki (same as 

 'ad ki). My., ulih.; Java olih ; for, from ; Heb., 'al.; An., 

 ehele, to, from, Heb., 'al.; Ef., ole, for, on account of, Heb., 

 'al. 



§11. Conjunctions., Sam., Ef., ma, and; Assy., ma; Amh., 

 mo. Ef., ngo (ko) ; Mg., koa ; also ; Heb., koh ; so. My. 

 joins the two foregoing, thus — maka, literally, and-so, a, 

 word which begins nearly every sentence in My., and is often 

 untranslatable. Ef, k, ka, nga, that, in order that, but. 

 Heb., ki. Ef., te, that, in order that, because ; Ch., di. Ef., 

 kin, but ; Amh., gin. An., par ; Ero., wor ; that, in order 

 that; Heb., 'abur. 



§12. Interjections. Ef., na ! Heb., na ! Ef., mo ! Heb., 

 mah ! Arb., ma ! Ef., wana ! Heb., hineh ! Ef ., ita, come ! 

 Common Oceanic : Heb., eta, imperative of atah, to come, go. 

 Ef, ito, farewell!* (go !) ; Heb. imp. of atah. Ef, ako ! excla- 

 mation of mourning, pain ; Heb., akah, ekoh ! 



* Cf. Arb. « wada', farewell." 



