18 BULLETIN" 308, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 



to defects, without qualifications in regard to heart. The rules of 

 the North Carolina Pine Association and the Georgia-Florida Saw- 

 mill Association govern the bulk of the eastern business. The chief 

 shortleaf pine products of the larger mills and the various grades 

 of each are: Dressed finishing, 3 grades and specials; flooring, 12 

 grades ; ceiling, 4 grades ; wagon bottoms, 2 grades ; drop siding and 

 bevel siding, 4 grades; partitions, 4 grades; molded casing and 

 base, window and door jambs, 3 grades each; common boards, ship 

 lap, and barn siding, 4 grades; grooved roofing, nearly same as 

 No. 1 of preceding; fencing, 4 grades; dimension and heavy joist, 

 3 grades; No. 1 common timbers; lath, common and patent; and 

 pickets. 



MARKET. 



Much confusion exists in the eastern markets regarding the 

 names under which southern pines are sold. Those in use represent 

 essentially, in different degrees, the qualities of weight, strength, and 

 grain or width of annual rings. In general, the names "longleaf " 

 and " shortleaf " are used to designate the harder and softer qual- 

 ities of southern pine lumber, and this is broadly justified by dif- 

 ferences in the species. Longleaf averages the heaviest and closest 

 grain. Shortleaf is clear lumber of high quality and an intermedi- 

 ate number of rings per inch and loblolly has very wide annual rings 

 and thick sapwood. Lumber sold as longleaf often contains more or 

 less of the heavier kinds of shortleaf. Rapid growing longleaf and 

 shortleaf both have wide annual rings and thus might be classed as 

 loblolly. There is no complete separation in the lumber market. 



A large amount of the shortleaf lumber produced — estimated by 

 some at as high at one-half — is sold by the manufacturers direct to 

 large consumers, such as railroads, manufacturers of railroad equip- 

 ment, and those engaged in the construction of buildings and other 

 structures requiring material in large quantities. The remainder 

 of the output is mostly sold direct to wholesalers, brokers, and re- 

 tailers. Many of the large manufacturers are also retailers, either 

 directly or indirectly, through subsidiary companies. A very large 

 amount of the shortleaf lumber goes into further manufacture and 

 finds its market in the wood-using industries of the various States. 

 i The market for shortleaf pine includes practically all of the 

 United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Within this region, 

 the districts of lightest use are the upper Lake States and New Eng- 

 land. In the former region white and red pine and in the latter 

 region loblolly pine, shipped by cargo from the Atlantic coastal 

 plain, are used in large amounts. According to the wood-using in- 

 dustry reports, 1 little shortleaf reaches Massachusetts; Maine uses 



I x This and the following statements are based upon various wood-using industries bul- 

 letins published by the individual States in cooperation with the Forest Service. 



