26 



BULLETIN 196, U. S. DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULTTJEE. 



with some of the sirups there was a decided rusting, particularly at the ends and 

 along the side seam. When fruit is present the color is not so apparent, either in the 

 sirup or as a deposit on the can. A trace of oil may come from the can, but its presence 

 is more often significant of the use of the overflow from a sii'uping machine and its 

 contamination there. Large numbers of organisms are usually associated with su'up 

 remaining in the tank overnight or with pipes which have been unused for a rather 

 long period. More organisms are always found with the use of a dip box than with a 

 siruping machine. 



From the observations made at factories and as a result of experiments, it is believed 

 that more uniform results can be obtained in the making of sirup by using relatively 

 tall and narrow tanks rather than the wide flat form, so that they may be filled to 

 a given height with water and a certain number of pounds of sugar added which -will 

 give the degree of sirup desired. The work could be calculated carefully the first 

 time and corrections made on a scale for temperature, so that the chances for making 

 an error would be reduced to the minimum. The tank should be provided with a 

 stirring device to insure the even distribution of the sugar in the water while it ia 

 going into solution. The heating should be accomplished by means of a steam coil 

 rather than by the discharge of steam directly into the sirup. All sirup should be 

 filtered through clean Canton flannel to remove any particles that may be introduced 

 in the handling of the sugar. 



For a simple factory test upon a sirup, it is suggested that one or two cans of it be 

 processed in the same manner as the food product upon which it is being used and 

 the can cut after standing for two or three days. If made properly it should be clear 

 and clean. 



Sirups are tested by means of a hydrometer, or spindle. This instrument consists 

 of a weighted cylinder having a stem. It is made so that it will float at a given height 

 in water at a temperature of 60° F. If the instrument is placed in a Hquid heavier 

 than water it will float, but at a different level. Advantage is taken of this fact, the 

 stem being graduated to indicate different weights or densities of liquids. There are 

 four different kinds of hydrometers used by packers, namely, Balling, Brix, Baum6, 

 and specific graAdty. There is no difference between the readings of a BalUng and 

 those of a Brix instrument; both indicate the percentage of sugar present in a solution; 

 for example, 20° correspond to 20 per cent of sugar, 20 pounds of sugar and 80 pounds 

 of water. The Baume hydrometer gives no information directly; the readings must 

 be converted into terms of Brix, which reqiiires the use of tables. This instrument 

 should be discarded. The specific gravity hydrometer gives the weight of the sirup 

 as compared with water, but has little practical use for the canner. All hydrometers 

 are fragile and accurate only for a narrow range of temperature. Tables which give 

 tjie conversion from one reading to another and also for making the necessary correc- 

 tions for temperature have been appended (pp. 28-31). 



To make a sirup of the various degrees, using 1 gallon of water as a basis, add the 

 following quantities of sugar: 



Amount of siigar necessary for sirup of various degrees. 



Density, 



Quantity of sugar. 



Density, 



Quantity of sugar. 















degrees 

 Balling. 



Ounces. 



Pounds 



and 

 ounces. 



Pounds. 



degrees 

 Balling. 



Ounces. 



Pounds 



and 

 ounces. 



Pounds. 



5 



7.0 



.. 7 



0.44 



35 



71.75 



4 n 



4.48 



10 



14.8 



.. 14f 



.92 



40 



88.8 



5 Sf 



5.55 



15 



23.5 



1 n 



1.47 



45 



109 



6 13 



6.81 



20 



30.8 



1 14| 



1.92 



50 



133.3 



8 5i 



8.33 



25 



44.5 



2 12.V 



2.8 



55 



163.9 



10 4 



10.24 



30 



57.12 



3 9 



3.57 



60 



200 



12 8 



12.5 



