CONTENTS BY HEADINGS. 



Page. 



Introduction., 1 



Determination of class of stock to which range is best suited 3 



Main factors deciding suitability of range 3 



Character of forage 3 



Topography 4 



Distribution of watering places 4 



Animal pests 4 



Protection of game 5 



Protection of timber growth and watersheds 6 



Lambing range 6 



Range division lines 7 



Common use of range by different classes of stock 7 



Importance of grazing the class or classes of stock to which the range 



is suited 9 



Additional references 10 



Grazing periods 10 



Premature grazing . 10 



When the grazing period should open 11 



Seasonal grazing after the period of grazing begins 13 



The close of the grazing period 14 



Shorter grazing period and more stock 15 



Additional references 15 



Grazing capacity 16 



Overgrazing . IQ 



Indicators of overgrazing 17 



Class overgrazing 19 



Overgrazing of scattering species 19 



Overgrazing the undergrowth on browse ranges 23 



Main causes of overgrazing 21 



Undergrazing 23 



Grazing-capacity estimates 23 



Areas of no grazing value 23 



Variation in amount of forage per acre 24 



Variation in amount of forage in different years 24 



Relative palatability of forage plants 25 



Condition of the stock 26 



Effect of grazing upon timber growth and water supply 26 



Acreage required for sheep and cattle 27 



Acreage for sheep 27 



Acreage for cattle 28 



Comparison of acreage required for sheep and for cattle 29 



Grazing capacity as affected by management of the stock 30 



Additional references 30 



Management of cattle on the range 30 



Controlling the number of cattle 31 



Control at forest boundary. 31 



Control by range units within a Forest 32 



Distribution of cattle within a unit 34 



Salting 35 



Results from proper salting 38 



Summary on salting 40 



Water 41 



Fences 42 



Trail improvement 43 



Riding 48 



Breed of stock 44 



111479°— Bull. 790—19 7 97 



